Hasar, Ugur C.Kaya, YunusIzginli, MucahitOzturk, HamdullahBarroso, Joaquim J.Ramahi, Omar M.Ertugrul, Mehmet2024-10-042024-10-0420220018-94801557-9670https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2022.3157718http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12403/3158A microwave method is proposed to determine the forward and backward propagation constants (gamma ? and gamma ?) and the wave impedance ( $z_{w}$ ) of reciprocal and non-reciprocal microwave networks whose positions are not known within their measurement cells (position-insensitive). The proposed method relies purely on analytical expressions and can also evaluate the reference plane transformation distances. Scattering parameter measurements at the X-band (8.2-12.4 GHz) of a reciprocal network (a waveguide straight) and a non-reciprocal network (a microwave phase shifter) arbitrarily positioned into their measurement cells were conducted to retrieve gamma ?, gamma ?, and $z_{w}$ for validation of our method and testing its position-insensitive property. The importance of the method becomes apparent when compared to conventional methods whose accuracy is based on precise determination of the reference planes.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessPosition measurementImpedanceFrequency measurementMicrowave measurementElectromagnetic waveguidesMicrowave theory and techniquesCalibrationNon-reciprocal networksposition-insensitivepropagation constanttransmission and reflection methodswave impedanceArticle7052723273110.1109/TMTT.2022.31577182-s2.0-85126664324Q1WOS:000770584100001Q2