Since the Second World War (WWII), oil has become one of the most significant sources of energy (Brini & Jemmali & Farroukh, 2016: 1). Therefore, economists have been closely interested in the empirical evidence that ...

Liberalization policies began to be implemented around the world after 1980, and countries’ economies were rapidly affected by these policies. Consequently the concept of openness became increasingly important in terms ...

The relationship between public expenditures, one of the most important tools of fiscal policy implemented by governments, and GDP (gross domestic product) is very important for the decisions of policymakers. In this ...