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Öğe FACTORS AFFECTING TURKEY'S FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXPORTS: A GRAVITY MODEL ANALYSIS(Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, 2020) Ari, Yilmaz Onur; Sayar, RamazanThe paper examines the determinants that impact on Turkey's fresh fruit and vegetable export with the help of gravity model analysis. An annual time series data covering the period of (2007-2018) was used for 10 countries, which are the main fresh fruit and vegetables importing countries from Turkey. In model estimation, GMM EGLS estimator was employed instead of classical estimators. According to the empirical results, Turkey's fruit and vegetable exports are positively affected by the importing countries' economic size while negatively affected by the distance between Turkey and these countries, due to difficulties in transportation conditions -arising from the durability of fruits and vegetables-, changes in nutritional habits, increasing costs disadvantage in competition, etc. The study also concluded that being a member state of the EU, negatively affects the exports of fruits and vegetables, while having more than 4% Muslim population in the importing country's total population is positively affected the exports of fruits and vegetables. This result may indicate that the understanding of halal food has increased in the world. Besides, due to the high competition in EU countries, Turkey's exports to these countries are also negatively affectedÖğe FDI AND THE UNEMPLOYMENT: A CAUSALITY ANALYSIS FOR THE BRICS COUNTRIES(Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, 2021) Ari, Yilmaz OnurThe paper examines the FDI-Unemployment nexus for BRICS countries using annual time series data covering the period of (1992-2018). The variables in the analysis were checked using Augmented Dickey Fuller test statistics. The results obtained indicated that all variables were stationary at first difference for all countries except South Africa which was found to be stationary at level. The results reveal that there is a co-integration relationship between the variables only for India. In other words, there is not a relationship between unemployment and FDI inflows for Brazil, China and Russia. According to Granger Causality Test results, there is a unidirectional causality link flowing from unemployment to FDI inflows for India. This finding is in line with the theory which states that foreign direct investments are attracted in countries where they observe the existence of available work force. The paper recommends that India should focus on designing policies for attracting the foreign investors due to the fact that India has an important potential in this domain.Öğe FROM BYTES TO JOBS: DECODING BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA'S EMPLOYMENT PUZZLE THROUGH FDI AND ICT(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Univ, Fac Social & Polit Sci, 2024) Ari, Yilmaz Onur; Izgi, FatmaBosnia and Herzegovina's transition from socialism to capitalism has led to fundamental changes in the country's economic structure, with unemployment, FDI, economic growth, and information technologies becoming critical factors in this process. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can promote economic growth and generate employment, helping to tackle unemployment through various channels. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been facing long-term unemployment for years. Thus, this study uses an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach and structural break technique to explore the impact of FDI, ICT, and growth on unemployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 1997-2022. The research findings indicate that FDI has a negative impact on unemployment in the long run. On the other hand, ICT has a positive impact on unemployment in the long run. Moreover, empirical findings demonstrated that there is a negative and significant relationship between growth and unemployment in the long run. This implies the validity of Okun's Law for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, the study brings forth a crucial insight that the impacts of FDI on unemployment are not uniform and differ significantly based on the type of FDI inflows.Öğe Interactive effects of remittances and financial development on Turkey's economic growth(Peter Lang Publishing Group, 2020) Ari, Yilmaz OnurLabor migration from underdeveloped and developing countries to developed countries has gained great importance, especially with the acceleration of globalization since the 1980s. The remittances that migrants earn by working in the receiving countries and send to their families have become an important tool for fighting against poverty and supporting economic growth.Migrant remittances, which are more stable than other financial sources, became a primary source of foreign exchange for supporting economic growth of developing countries by financing the current account deficit, reducing poverty, increasing consumption expenditures, and increasing household savings and investments. Remittances, which are an important financial source for developing countries, affect the economic growth in the remittance-receiving country positively or negatively. There is no consensus in the literature about the effect of remittances on economic growth.Remittances take an important place for lowering poverty and supporting economic growth because Turkey is a developing country. In this study, I analyzed a historical background of remittance flows to Turkey. By looking back at the literature, I tried to correlate Turkish remittances to Turkish financial sector development. © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 2020. All rights reserved.Öğe KÜRESEL ELEKTRİKLİ OTOMOBİL PİYASASINA GENEL BAKIŞ(Kırklareli Üniversitesi, 2020) Ari, Yilmaz OnurKüreselleşen dünyada şehirlerin kalabalıklaşması ve buna bağlı olarak motorlu taşıtların artması petrol rezervlerinin azalması, çevre tahribatı ve iklim değişikliği gibi birçok sorunu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu noktada elektrikli otomobil piyasasında yaşanan teknolojik yenilikler ulaşım sektöründe sera gazı emisyonunun azaltılması ve ekoloji-dostu akıllı şehirlerin inşasında önemli bir etken olarak görülmektedir. Teknolojik yeniliklerin AR-GE harcamalarında, üretimin yapılacağı yerin belirlenmesinde, uluslararası ticarette ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerinde birtakım küresel etkileri bulunmaktadır. Ulaşım sistemlerini sürdürülebilir bir şekilde geliştirmek için, ekonomik büyüme, toplum talepleri ve çevresel etki faktörleri dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu çalışma teknolojik yeniliklerle sürekli değişen ve gelişen elektrikli otomobillerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerindeki rolünü ele almıştır. Buna göre, gelecekte hibrit otomobillere kıyasla menzil uzunluğu ve düşük maliyeti ile birlikte, daha çevreci araçlar olması saf elektrikli otomobil olarak da tabir edilen akülü elektrikli otomobillerin (BEV) üretim ve satışında dinamik bir büyüme beklenmektedir.Öğe THE NEXUS BETWEEN SOCIAL UNREST AND MIGRANT REMITTANCES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM GEORGIA(Europe Our House, 2022) Ari, Yilmaz Onur; Koc, UmitThe paper examines the social unrest and migrant remittances relationship for Georgia using monthly time series data covering January 2007- July 2019. The Granger Causality Test was employed in the application of the econometric technique. Frequency domain causality test was also used in order to empower the findings of the study. The empirical findings showed that there is a bidirectional causality between the reported social unrest index (RSUI) and the remittance inflow to Georgia. Besides, frequency domain causality test results indicated that RSUI was the Granger cause of remittance inflow in the medium term (7-10 months), while remittance inflow was the Granger cause of RSUI in the short term (2-6 months). Social unrest comprises protests based on basic economic needs such as food, gas, electricity etc. Therefore, social unrest can be a supportive factor of remittances inflow to Georgia. This is in line with the view that remittances sent by Georgian immigrants to their families in Georgia are used for consumption rather than investments. On the other hand, remittances can be a determinant of social unrest for Georgia because the existence of separatist movements in Abkhazia and former South Ossetia can be interpreted as remittances can be an important source to fund these movements.Öğe Socio-economic determinants of environmental degradation: Empirical evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve(Sciendo, 2023) Gultekin, Omer Faruk; Sayar, Ramazan; Ari, Yilmaz OnurThe aim of the paper is to examine socio-economic determinants of environmental degradation. The empirical study employs quantile regression which enables separate predictions for different levels of the dependent variable to be made. This study investigated 62 countries from low, middle and some high income countries for 1995-2019. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is verified for the aforemented countries in analyzing the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions using quantile regression. The study also revealed that the schooling rate has a pollution-increasing effect. In addition to the reducing effects of trade openness, democracy, and economic freedom variables on environmental degradation, the opposite effect of life expectancy at birth is observed, increasing environmental degradation. In this context, this paper concluded that the EKC hypothesis is not supported. The government should encourage pollution-reducing policies in low and middle income countries.Öğe Terrorism - workers' remittances nexus: empirical evidence from Turkey(Univ Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Centrul Studii Europene, 2020) Ari, Yilmaz Onur; Bello, IbrahimThe paper examines the impacts of remittances on terrorism for Turkish economy by using annual time series data covering the period of 1990-2019. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was used in the application of econometric method. To ensure robustness of results, the study accounts for structural breaks in the unit root test and the co-integration analysis. The results obtained indicated that remittances flows to Turkey have a positive and significant effect on terrorism. This is in line with the empirical evidence that finances through remittances can promote terrorism in a country. The study also concludes that unemployment has strong a correlation in promoting terrorism in Turkish economy and that persistent unemployment can cause economic inequality, poverty, social dislocation, unrest, and conflict such as terrorism, which has a negative impact on subsequent long-run economic growth. Besides, trade openness shows a negative but significant effect, which indicates that trade openness has a little influence in promoting terrorism.
