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    Impact of Linear vs. Change-of-Direction HIIT on Aerobic Power
    (Annals Applied Sport Science, 2025) Morina, Besnik; Visic, Grgur; Antonic, Davorin; Babic, Matej; Sporis, Goran; Vlahovic, Tomislav; Akman, Onur
    Background. Coaches predominantly utilize linear training protocols to enhance the aerobic power of football players. However, there is limited data on the effects of change of direction (COD) protocols on aerobic power in football. Objectives. This study aimed to determine which high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program- linear (LHIIT) or change of direction (COD)-has a more significant impact on increasing aerobic power in senior female football players. Methods. Sixty senior female football players were divided into two experimental groups: LHIIT (n=30) and COD (n=30). Both groups underwent a four-week HIIT protocol, with LHIIT involving linear and COD incorporating change-of-direction exercises. Aerobic power was measured using the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT), maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), and VO2max at the beginning and end of the study to assess the differences in aerobic adaptations between the two programs. Results. The results indicated that the COD group eliminated the significant difference in VO2max that initially existed between the two groups, suggesting that COD protocols may be more effective in increasing aerobic power than linear ones. Additionally, both groups significantly improved the 30-15 IFT, MAV, and VO2max. Conclusion. Both linear and change-of-direction HIIT protocols significantly enhance aerobic performance in senior female football players. However, COD protocols may have a more significant impact on VO2max improvement. Future research should explore the potential effects of COD protocols on anaerobic power and seek to identify even more effective HIIT strategies for enhancing VO2max.
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    The Revelation of Linear and Change of Direction HIIT Training Effects on the Anaerobic Power of Female Football Players
    (Annals Applied Sport Science, 2025) Morina, Besnik; Visic, Grgur; Antonic, Davorin; Babic, Matej; Sporis, Goran; Franjko, Ivica; Krasniqi, Rrezon
    Background. Anaerobic and aerobic power are critical factors influencing peak football performance. This study aimed to explore the differential effects of various high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on these performance metrics in senior female football players. Objectives. The primary objective was to investigate the impact of linear (L) HIIT and change-of-direction (COD) HIIT protocols on key velocity at anaerobic threshold (V-AT), distance traveled in the anaerobic zone (d(AT)), and VO(2)max. Methods. Sixty senior female football players were divided into LHIIT (n=30) and COD (n=30). Both groups underwent initial testing before participating in their respective training programs for four weeks. Performance metrics were measured at the beginning and end of the training period. Results. Both groups significantly improved all measured variables (p<0.001). However, the COD group demonstrated relatively more significant enhancements in Vmax (COD=0.93; LHIIT=0.8), VAT (COD=0.94; LHIIT=0.87), and VO(2)max (COD=0.92; LHIIT=0.74). The COD group also reduced the initial difference in VO(2)max to a non-significant level. Conclusion. COD HIIT protocols appear to be slightly more effective in enhancing anaerobic power in female football players than linear HIIT protocols. Nevertheless, both HIIT programs significantly improved performance metrics, indicating that incorporating such training regimens can benefit female football training programs.