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Öğe The application of deep eutectic solvents for protein extraction from bee bread (Perga)(Elsevier, 2024) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Kutlu, Naciye; Celik, Saffet; Bayram, Sinan; Nur, Fatma; Yildirim, NazlicanBee bread is one of the basic nutrients that bees use as a protein source and is formed as a result of the fermentation of bee pollen. In the last few years, this product has become increasingly recognized and consumed among bee products due to its functional properties. However, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have attracted great interest in recent years as promising green alternatives to replace traditional solvents due to their variable viscosity, low vapor pressure, application-specific adjustability, non-flammability and chemical stability. In this study, bee bread was extracted in 12 different DES with different hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA):hydrogen bond donor (HBD) combinations. The DES combination with the highest total protein content was determined to be choline chloride (ChCl)-urea. Then, ultrasonic extraction conditions were optimized for maximum bioactive extraction in extracts prepared with ChCl-urea. The optimum conditions were found as 31.3 %, 25 min, 35 degrees C for ultrasonic power, extraction time and temperature, respectively. The desirability value (d) of the model was 0.83. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content, total protein content, individual polyphenolics, individual amino acids and individual vitamins as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity tests. According to the results, total protein, total individual amino acids and total individual phenolics were higher in the extracts obtained with ChCl-urea compared to the extract prepared with conventional solvent (ethanol). In conclusion, all these findings showed that ChCl-urea combination can be an alternative to ethanol depending on the structural characteristics of the target compounds to be extracted from bee bread.Öğe Bioactive compounds of deep eutectic solvents extracts of Hypericum perforatum L.: Polyphenolic- organic acid profile by LC-MS/MS and pharmaceutical activity(Elsevier, 2022) Bayram, Sinan; Kutlu, Naciye; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Celik, Saffet; Bayram, Nesrin EcemDeep eutectic solvents (DESs) are known as environmentally-friendly solvents that have emerged as an alter-native to conventional organic solvents in recent years. In this study, the effects of ten different DESs on the extraction of bioactive components from the Hypericum perforatum were investigated. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, phenolic profile (32 phenolics), organic acid profile (52 organic acids), as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of H. perforatum extracts prepared using DESs and ultrasonic-assisted extraction method were determined. Total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities of ex-tracts were determined between 3.10 +/- 0.86-16.64 +/- 2.09 mg GA/g, 0.02 +/- 0.00-12.29 +/- 0.30 mg QE/g, and 8.40 +/- 0.50-44.78 +/- 2.66 mg TE/g, respectively. DES2 (choline chloride:ethylene glycol) and DES7 (choline chloride:lactic acid) demonstrated higher extraction success than other DESs for extracting phenolics and organic acids, respectively. DESs prepared using organic acid as hydrogen bond donor were found to have an antibacterial effect against all bacterial samples. However, the inhibitory effect against yeast-like fungi was observed in a narrower spectrum. Moreover, the results from principal component analysis also confirmed that the type of solvent used for extraction has a significant influence on the phenolics, organic acid, and other parameters. As a result, it was seen that DES components directly affect the extraction efficiency of target compounds from H. perforatum. This is a first and original report about use of DESs in extracting different bioactive components from H. perforatum.Öğe Bioproduction, structure elucidation and in vitro antiproliferative effect of eumelanin pigment fromStreptomyces parvusBSB49(Springer, 2020) Bayram, Sinan; Dengiz, Cagatay; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Cetin, Idil; Topcul, Mehmet R.In this study, the structure of the purified extracellular eumelanin pigment isolated fromStreptomycesspp. was elucidated by detailed analysis via two different spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR and NMR). In vitro antiproliferative effects of eumelanin were evaluated on HeLa cell line. These experiments were carried out with the evaluation of the parameters including cell viability, cell index, and mitotic index. With the cell viability and cell index, IC50 concentration of eumelanin was determined as 10 mu M. This result showed that the IC50 concentration of eumelanin decreased the values of cell viability, cell index and mitotic index. These changes are statistically significant (p < 0.01). The ability of the dissolved eumelanin (250 mu g mL(-1)) to scavenge free radicals was determined via DPPH and ABTS and was shown to be about 87.73% and 75.2%, respectively, compared with standard antioxidants. It was observed that dry weights of eumelanin yield among the selected strains ranged from 160 to 240 mg L-1. The strain with the highest production potential was selected for 16S rDNA sequence analysis and, accordingly, the selected strain BSB49 was identified asStreptomyces parvusand the sequence analysis results were deposited in NCBI under accession number MK894155.Öğe Characterization of Essential Oil and Wastewater from Thymus nummularius M. Bieb. and Micromorphological Examination of Glandular Trichomes(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Celik, Saffet; Canli, Deniz; Mavaldi, Muhammed Halid; Boztas, Kadir; Basturk, Fatma NurThis study aimed to determine the volatile profile by GC-MS and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil isolated from Thymus nummularius using the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method and morphologically characterize the glandular trichomes in leaf samples. Obtained essential oil, as well as wastewater obtained during essential oil isolation, were chemically (polyphenolic compounds, organic acids, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity) characterized. As a result of GC-MS analysis of the essential oil, different ratios of essential oil components were identified, predominantly thymol (38.91%), linalool (13.12%) and geraniol (6.51%). The antimicrobial activity results showed that T. nummularius essential oil has a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect against all target microorganisms (bacteria and yeast-like fungi). Screening of 32 polyphenolic compounds and 52 organic acids in the wastewater was performed by LC-MS/MS and the major polyphenolic compound and organic acid were determined as caffeic acid (97316.85 mu g/kg) and malic acid (6898.88 mg/kg), respectively. While the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the wastewater were 35.91 mg GA/g and 34.91 mg QE/g, respectively, the antioxidant activity results were obtained using the CUPRAC, CERAC and ABTS tests were 86.28 mg TE/g, 72.85 mg TE/g and 47.88 mg TE/g. These results support that the T. nummularius, an important production area in Turkey, can be used in different industrial areas due to its rich bioactive content. In addition, it can be said that wastewater is also considered a valuable source of bioactive substances.Öğe Chemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Effect of Propolis from Hakkari Province of Turkey against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2017) Bayram, Sinan; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Aydogan, Mehmet Nuri; Oz, Gul CevahirThis study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of propolis from Hakkari province of Turkey and its chemical content by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy. In vitro inhibitory activity of propolis was studied by the disc diffusion method against six gram positive, three gram negative bacteria and one yeast like fungi. As a result of chemical analysis, the total flavonoid ratio of the propolis sample was found to be higher than the other compound groups. Pinostrobin chalcone, pinocembrin and chrysin were identified as major flavonoids. Also, all microorganisms tested were susceptible to the propolis extract except for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values were determined by microbroth dilution assay. MIC values against microorganisms ranged from 25 to 200 µg/mL. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that inhibitory effect our propolis sample was somewhat weaker than ampicillin, but it had a broader spectrum.Öğe A comparative characterization study between fungal and bacterial eumelanin pigments(Springer, 2022) Bayram, SinanMelanins are the most common and the most enigmatic natural pigments in the nature that found in many different taxa group such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi, insects, plants, reptiles, birds and mammals. These biological macromolecules are highly complex cross-linked, heterogeneous biopolymers and composed of polymerized phenolic and/or indolic compounds. Recently, interest in these ubiquitous biopolymers has been increasing considerably in many different areas such as medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics, organic electronic and optoelectronics because of their versatile properties. In this study, four different extracellular eumelanin pigments (two bacterial eumelanins and two fungal eumelanins) were characterized by different spectrometric techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, NMR and UV-vis. In XRD analyzes, purified fungal and bacterial eumelanin pigments were characterized by giving a wide peak at about 22(o) with an angle of 2 theta. Furthermore, in the (1) H NMR spectra of these biopolymers, it was observed that all pigments have signals in both aromatic and aliphatic regions. In addition to these analyzes, nanostructures of these biopolymers were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, eumelanin pigment producer microorganisms were molecularly characterized. 16 S rDNA and 18 S rDNA sequence analysis results of these microorganisms (Streptomyces fulvissimus MPPS4, Streptomyces xiamenensis MPPS6, Aspergillus niger MPPF16 and Aspergillus terreus MPPF25) were deposited in NCBI GenBank (R) database with accession number MT825594, MT973972, MW652652 and MW652653 respectively.Öğe Could eumelanin molecule from Streptomyces parvus BSB49 strain be a potential anticancer agent for lung cancer?(2023) Kızıl, Hamit Emre; Bayram, Sinan; Ozturk, Serdar; Karakas, UmitMelanins, which are divided into five different subgroups as eumelanin, pheomelanin, allomelanin, neuromelanin and pyomelanin, are a heterogeneous and amor- phous biopolymer family. Although melanin is produced in many different ways today, it is more practical, and more economical to produce melanin using bacterial strains. The eumelanin pigment, which is the subject of this study, was obtained using Streptomyces parvus BSB49 strain, and its antiproliferative effect at various concentrations against small cell (DMS-114) and non-small cell (H-460) lung cancer was determined. According to our results, the synthesized eumelanin molecule was statistically cytotoxic on non-small cell lung cancer cell line (H-460) at concentrations of 3.125 and 1.56 ?g/mL after 24 hours of treatment (IC50=8 ?g/mL) and only at a concentration of 3.125 ?g/mL after 48 hours of treatment (IC50=8.4 ?g/mL). In the small cell lung cancer cell line (DMS-114), no statistically cytotoxic concentration was detected (p<0.05).Öğe Could eumelanin molecule from Streptomyces parvus BSB49 strain be a potential anticancer agent for lung cancer?(2023) Kızıl, Hamit Emre; Bayram, Sinan; Öztürk, Serdar; Karakas, ÜmıtMelanins, which are divided into five different subgroups as eumelanin, pheomelanin, allomelanin, neuromelanin and pyomelanin, are a heterogeneous and amor- phous biopolymer family. Although melanin is produced in many different ways today, it is more practical, and more economical to produce melanin using bacterial strains. The eumelanin pigment, which is the subject of this study, was obtained using Streptomyces parvus BSB49 strain, and its antiproliferative effect at various concentrations against small cell (DMS-114) and non-small cell (H-460) lung cancer was determined. According to our results, the synthesized eumelanin molecule was statistically cytotoxic on non-small cell lung cancer cell line (H-460) at concentrations of 3.125 and 1.56 ?g/mL after 24 hours of treatment (IC50=8 ?g/mL) and only at a concentration of 3.125 ?g/mL after 48 hours of treatment (IC50=8.4 ?g/mL). In the small cell lung cancer cell line (DMS-114), no statistically cytotoxic concentration was detected (p<0.05).Öğe Derin Ötektik Çözücüler Kullanılarak Arı Ekmeğinden Biyoaktif Bileşenlerin Ultrasonik Destekli Ekstraksiyonunun Optimizasyonu(2023) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Bayram, Sinan; Gerçek, Yusuf Can; Kantar, Naciye Kutlu; Çelik, Saffet; Baştürk, Fatma Nur; Yıldırım, NazlıcanArı ekmeği arıların protein kaynağı olarak kullandıkları temel besin maddelerinden birisi olup kovan içeresinde arı poleninin fermantasyonu sonucu oluşmaktadır. Bu ürün fonksiyonel özllikleri sebebiyle son birkaç yıldır arı ürünleri arasında bilinilirliği ve tüketimi artan ürünler arasında yerini almıştır. Bununla birlikte, derin ötektik çözücüler (deep eutectic solvent-DES), değişken viskoziteleri, uygulamaya özel ayarlanabilirlikleri, alev almazlıkları, düşük buhar basınçları ve kimyasal kararlılıkları nedeniyle geleneksel çözücülerin yerini alacak umut verici yeşil alternatifler olarak son yıllarda büyük ilgi görmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, arı ekmeği örneği farklı hidrojen bağ alıcısı (HBA):hidrojen bağ donörü (HBD) kombinasyonlarına sahip olan 10 farklı DES?de ekstrakte edilmiş ve en yüksek toplam protein içeriğine sahip DES kombinasyonunun kolin klorid (ChCl)-üre olduğu belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra ChCl-üre ile hazırlanan ekstraktlarda maksimum biyoakif madde ekstraksiyonu için ultrasonik ekstraksiyon koşulları optmize edilmiştir. Yanıt yüzey yöntemi ile yapılan optimizasyon sonucunda optimum koşullar; ultrasonik güç için %31.3, ekstraksiyon süresi için 25 dk ve sıcaklık için 35 °C olarak bulunmuştur. Modelin arzu edilebilirlik değeri ise (d) 0.83 olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen ekstraktlarda toplam fenolik madde, toplam protein içerik, bireysel fenolik madde, bireysel amino asit içerik ve bireysel vitamin içerik analzilerinin yanı sıra antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivite testleri gerçekleştirlmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre toplam protein, toplam bireysel amino asit ve toplam bireysel fenolik içerik, ChCl-üre ile elde edilen ekstraktlarda geleneksel çözücü (etanol) ile hazırlanan ekstrakta kıyasla daha yüksek oranda tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen tüm bu bulgular arı ekmeğinden ekstrakte edilmek istenen hedef bileşiklerin yapısal özelliklerine bağlı olarak ChCl-üre kombinasyonunun etanole alternatif olabileceğini göstermiştir.Öğe Determination of toxicity and radioprotective properties of bacterial and fungal eumelanin pigments(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Bayram, Sinan; Aygun, Bunyamin; Karadayi, Mehmet; Alaylar, Burak; Gulluce, Medine; Karabulut, AbdulhalikPurposeDetermination of the protective property of melanin, an organic polymer class consisting of phenolic and/or indolic compounds isolated from bacteria and fungi, against fast neutron radiation. To show that these melanin samples, which also have antioxidant and metal chelating properties, can be used as an active ingredient for a drug to be developed against neutrons used in nuclear research and medicine.Materials and methodsBacterial and fungal media were prepared, and melanin pigments were produced and isolated. For molecular characterization of pigments, bacterial genomic DNA extraction, 16S rDNA gene amplification processes, and fungal genomic DNA extraction, ITS1, and ITS4 Gene Regions amplification were performed. The DEL assay was implemented to determine the genotoxicity properties of bacterial and fungal melanin pigments. Samples were prepared in a pad measuring 10 ml volume (60 x 15 mm) at a concentration of 0.2-1 microgram in 1% agarose gel for radiation-absorbed dose measurements. Absorption measurements were made using Am-241-Be fast neutron source and Canberra brand NP series BF3 gaseous detector to determine the neutron radiation absorption capacity of all samples. The results obtained to determine the absorption degrees of melanin samples were compared with paraffin and normal concrete, which are widely used in neutron radiation shielding studies.ResultsMelanin pigments were obtained using different bacteria and fungi strains. Afterwards, the fast neutron radiation absorption capacity of these purified pigments were determined. Compared to reference samples, these pigments were found to have slightly lower radiation absorbing ability. In addition to these experiments, cytotoxicity tests were carried out using the Yeast DEL assay technique to evaluate the potential for use of these organic pigments in fields such as medicine and pharmacology. According to the results obtained from the tests, it was determined that these melanin samples did not have any toxic effects.ConclusionIt was determined that these melanin samples have the potential to be used as a radioprotective drug active substance to protect the tissues and cells of people exposed to neutron radiation after a nuclear accident or nuclear war.Giving a drug that will be developed by using these active ingredients before or after people are exposed to a radiation environment can provide great benefits.Öğe Effects of processing methods and extraction solvents on the chemical content and bioactive properties of propolis(Springer, 2020) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Togar, BasakThe aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive properties of propolis extract prepared using different solvents and different extraction methods. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the differences between their antibacterial activities were evaluated by disc diffusion method. At the same time, bioactive properties of different concentrations of propolis extracts were investigated on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The proliferative effects and cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analyzes, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative status (TOS) parameters were used in assessing biochemical effects in the HUVEC cell line. The DNA damage was also analyzed by 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level as indicators of genotoxicity. As a result of the MTT analysis conducted within the scope of the present study, the extracts tested were sorted as 95% ethanol extract of propolis (PEE95) > ultrasonic ethanol extract of propolis (PUEE) > 50% ethanol extract of propolis (PEE50) > ultrasonic water extract of propolis (PUWE) in terms of the effectiveness of their cell viabilities. It was observed that high concentrations of PEE95 induced LDH release. In addition to this, our findings have shown that PEE50, PUEE and PUWE increased oxidative stress at high concentrations. According to 8-OH-dG analysis, all tested extracts were found to be non-genotoxic. The results obtained from antibacterial activity and minimum inhibition concentration tests showed that PUEE and PEE95 had stronger antibacterial effects than PEE50 and PUWE. All these results indicated that propolis has beneficial effects for human health and therefore it is a valuable product which can be used as a food supplement.Öğe Electrospinning Encapsulation of Chlorophylls Microwave-Extracted from Spinach Waste and Utilization as Coloring Agent in Yogurt(Springer, 2025) Isik, Beyza Sukran; Bayram, Sinan; Altay, FilizNatural colorants have become a developing market because of consumer preferences, and more cost-effective and stable production is necessary. In the present study, a natural green colorant was obtained via microwave-assisted extraction from spinach waste to produce affordable, environmentally-friendly, and innovative colorants. The extracts were encapsulated with zein via uniaxial and coaxial electrospinning techniques to overcome the stability issues associated with their natural green color. The encapsulation efficiencies of uniaxially encapsulated chlorophyll extracted from spinach waste by microwave were 63.50 and 57.18 for chlorophyll a and b, respectively. The efficiencies of chlorophyll a and b by coaxial electrospinning were found 49.53% and 88.58%, respectively. The microwave-assisted extraction and the addition of eumelanin may contribute positively to the antioxidant activity and thermal stability of electrospun samples. The stability test against light revealed that 61% of chlorophyll a could be preserved by uniaxial electrospinning. In addition, when chlorophyll-loaded nanofibers were incorporated into yogurt, a more stable green color was achieved during storage.Öğe Enigmatic secondary metabolites: Microbial melanins and their applications(Elsevier, 2023) Narang, Urja; Kurian, Noble K; Bayram, SinanMelanin is a biomacromolecule found in all kingdoms of life that ranges from dark brown to black pigment. Eumelanin, allomelanin, neuromelanin, and pheomelanin are all types of melanin. They possess a wide range of bioactive properties, including antioxidant, radioprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and photoprotective properties. Melanin has anticancer and antimicrobial properties that make it useful in pharmacology and medicine. In addition, it has applications in cosmetics; to mimic the natural process of these compounds in the skin, many manufacturers have embraced the use of melanin in sunscreens. Furthermore, due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays, mixed electronic-ionic conductivity, and hydration state-dependent electrical properties of melanin, it is used in organic electronics such as solar cells, batteries, and biosensors. This review examines the various functions and applications of this biological pigment, as well as its distinct physicochemical, chemical, bioactive, and anticorrosive properties. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Enigmatic secondary metabolites: Microbial melanins and their applications(Elsevier, 2023) Narang, Urja; Kurian, Noble K.; Bayram, SinanMelanin is a biomacromolecule found in all kingdoms of life that ranges from dark brown to black pigment. Eumelanin, allomelanin, neuromelanin, and pheomelanin are all types of melanin. They possess a wide range of bioactive properties, including antioxidant, radioprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and photoprotective properties. Melanin has anticancer and antimicrobial properties that make it useful in pharmacology and medicine. In addition, it has applications in cosmetics; to mimic the natural process of these compounds in the skin, many manufacturers have embraced the use of melanin in sunscreens. Furthermore, due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays, mixed electronic-ionic conductivity, and hydration state-dependent electrical properties of melanin, it is used in organic electronics such as solar cells, batteries, and biosensors. This review examines the various functions and applications of this biological pigment, as well as its distinct physicochemical, chemical, bioactive, and anticorrosive properties. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Eumelanin protects the liver against diethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2022) Altindag, Fikret; Bogoksayan, Seda; Bayram, SinanThis study aims to evaluate in vivo protective effects of eumelanin (EU) on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver injury. Wistar albino male rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 6), Control, DMSO, DEN, DEN + EU10, DEN + EU15, and DEN + EU20. Animals in the DEN group were injected i.p a single dose of 200 mg/kg DEN, DEN + EU10 group was given 10 mg/kg EU, DEN + EU15 group was given 15 mg/kg, DEN + EU20 group was given 20 mg/kg EU for a week. The results showed that there was no significant difference in vessel volume density between the groups. Inflammatory cell infiltration, hydropic degeneration, and necrotic cells were observed in the DEN group, and these histopathological changes were significantly reduced in all treatment groups. Although there was a low intensity of PAS-positive staining in the DEN groups, moderate staining was observed in the treatment groups. While Caspase-3, PCNA, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 expressions increased in the DEN group, their expressions decreased in the EU-treated groups. DEN increased AST, ALT, and MDA levels and decreased CAT levels. In particular, the EU10 dose significantly improved these parameters. The present study revealed that eumelanin has protective effects against DEN-induced liver injury.Öğe Exploring the Charge Transport of a Natural Eumelanin for Sustainable Technologies(Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Paulin, Joao V.; Bayram, Sinan; Graeff, Carlos F. O.; Bufon, Carlos C. B.Eumelanin, the main quinone-based biomaterial of the melanin family of compounds, is emerging as a model for medical and sustainable electronic interfaces due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and transducing abilities. The study utilizes current-voltage measurements and impedance/dielectric spectroscopy under a controlled hydration atmosphere to investigate the charge transport of eumelanin produced from the S. parvus BSB49 strain. We show no differences in the electrical response in highly hydrated conditions compared to the standard synthetic eumelanin. Hence, our findings provide the groundwork to assess the potential use of this natural eumelanin in sustainable organic (bio)electronic applications.Öğe Extraction of Functional Compounds from Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) by Deep Eutectic Solvents at Different Properties(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Kutlu, Naciye; Celik, Saffet; Gidik, Betul; Bayram, Sinan; Bayram, Nesrin EcemIn this study, it was aimed to examine the capacity of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different contents to extract bioactive compounds from tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) plant. For this reason, the total phenolic-flavonoid content, total proanthocyanidin content and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of the prepared DES extracts were investigated, as well as the individual phenolic and individual amino acid profiles. According to the results, DES10 had the highest efficiency in terms of its capacity to extract individual phenolics (approximately 59 mg/100 g) and individual amino acids (approximately 2500 mg/kg), and also gave a higher yield compared to ethanol (approximately 44 mg/100 g for individual phenolics and about 19810 mg/kg for individual amino acids) and methanol (approximately 58 mg/100 g for individual phenolics and approximately 21430 mg/kg for individual amino acids). However, the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity values of DES extracts were determined between 59.09-77.50 mg GAE/100 g, 28.68-45.55 mg GAE/100 g and 42.96-146.86 mg TE/100 g, respectively. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these green solvents, which are known as environmentally friendly, as an alternative to organic solvents in the process of preparing extracts of this important medicinal plant in different areas.Öğe Green Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibition Effects of Chestnut (Castanea sativa) Honey-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles(Mdpi, 2023) Keskin, Merve; Kaya, Gulsen; Bayram, Sinan; Kurek-Gorecka, Anna; Olczyk, PawelIn this study, chestnut honey-based silver nanoparticles (CH-AgNPs) were synthesized at different temperatures (30, 60 and 90 degrees C) and these nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques such as UV-vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The DPPH free radical scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of the obtained nanoparticles. The inhibition effects of these nanoparticles for some clinically important enzymes such as myeloperoxidase and collagenase were investigated. In addition, the disk diffusion method (DDM), agar well diffusion (AWD), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) techniques were used to determine the antibacterial activity of CH-AgNPs. In honey-based silver nanoparticle production processes using green synthesis, it was determined that the nanoparticle sizes decreased from 55 to 27 nm with an increase in temperature. In addition, it was determined that the rate of inhibition of myeloperoxidase (36.4% to 34.0%) and collagenase enzymes (74.2% to 68.7%) increased with a decrease in particle size. As a result of the antibacterial activity tests, it was observed that CH-AgNPs have antibacterial activity against all target pathogens including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The obtained results show that CH-AgNPs produced using chestnut honey have the potential to be used in fields such as medicine, pharmacy and cosmetic technology.Öğe Hibrit sol-jel matrisine katkılı yeni bir korozyon inhibitörü olarak bakteriyel eumelanin polimerinin antikorozif performansı(Osman SAĞDIÇ, 2022) Bayram, Sinan; Hussin, Mohd Hazwan; Hamidon, Tuan Sherwyn; Ozdemir, MustafaMelaninler, doğada mikroorganizmalardan insanlara kadar çok çeşitli canlı gruplarında yaygın olarak dağılmış bir organik polimer grubudur. Neredeyse tüm canlı gruplarında bulunan bu pigmentler, antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antivenin, antienflamatuar, radyoprotektif, fotokoruyucu vb. birçok farklı özelliğe sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Streptomyces parvus BSB49 suşundan saflaştırılan eumelanin polimerinin korozyon önleyici performansının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, eumelanini bir doping ajanı olarak dahil etmek için tetraetil ortosilikat ve 3-aminopropiltrietoksisilan kullanılarak hibrit sol-jel matrisi sentezlenmiştir. Bu işlemde Si ? %0,16, Mn ? %0,15, Mg ? %0,03, Al ? %0,06, P ? %0,01, Na ? %0,02 ve Ca ? %0,01 bileşimine sahip yumuşak kaplamaları uygulamak için çelik levhalar kullanılmıştır. Substrat kaplanmış numunelerin korozyon davranışını araştırmak için 0,5 M HC1 korozyon ortamı ile yüklenen üç elektrotlu bir hücre düzeni kullanılmıştır. Ömelaninin doping konsantrasyonundaki artışla korozyon hızı azalmıştır. Böylece elektrokimyasal empedans spektroskopisi ve potansiyodinamik polarizasyon ölçümleri ile elde edilen sonuçlar, Streptomyces parvus BSB49 suşu kullanılarak üretilen eumelanin pigmentinin antikorozif özelliklere sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.Öğe Honey: Determination of volatile compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2021) Karlidag, Semiramis; Keskin, Merve; Bayram, Sinan; Mayda, Nazli; Ozkok, AsliHoney is an important functional food for human health and nutrition that is collected by honey bees and stored in the honeycombs. In this study, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and volatile compounds of 13 different honey samples collected from various districts of Malatya province were investigated. As a result of this study, it was determined that the total phenolic content varied between 8.50 mg GAE 100 g(-1) and 73.90 mg GAE 100 g(-1) and it was observed that the honey samples were rich in aldehydes, aliphatic acid and esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid esters, ketones, terpenes, fatty acids and esters. In addition, the antibacterial effects of honey samples were determined against 18 different pathogenic bacteria using agar well diffusion (AWD) method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). In AWD assay, it was recorded that inhibition zone diameters varied between 9 mm and 14 mm and honey samples were found to have a partial inhibitory effect against selected target pathogens.
