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Öğe Characterization of Essential Oil and Wastewater from Thymus nummularius M. Bieb. and Micromorphological Examination of Glandular Trichomes(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Celik, Saffet; Canli, Deniz; Mavaldi, Muhammed Halid; Boztas, Kadir; Basturk, Fatma NurThis study aimed to determine the volatile profile by GC-MS and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil isolated from Thymus nummularius using the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method and morphologically characterize the glandular trichomes in leaf samples. Obtained essential oil, as well as wastewater obtained during essential oil isolation, were chemically (polyphenolic compounds, organic acids, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity) characterized. As a result of GC-MS analysis of the essential oil, different ratios of essential oil components were identified, predominantly thymol (38.91%), linalool (13.12%) and geraniol (6.51%). The antimicrobial activity results showed that T. nummularius essential oil has a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect against all target microorganisms (bacteria and yeast-like fungi). Screening of 32 polyphenolic compounds and 52 organic acids in the wastewater was performed by LC-MS/MS and the major polyphenolic compound and organic acid were determined as caffeic acid (97316.85 mu g/kg) and malic acid (6898.88 mg/kg), respectively. While the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the wastewater were 35.91 mg GA/g and 34.91 mg QE/g, respectively, the antioxidant activity results were obtained using the CUPRAC, CERAC and ABTS tests were 86.28 mg TE/g, 72.85 mg TE/g and 47.88 mg TE/g. These results support that the T. nummularius, an important production area in Turkey, can be used in different industrial areas due to its rich bioactive content. In addition, it can be said that wastewater is also considered a valuable source of bioactive substances.Öğe Microwave hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens L'Her leaves: Essential oil profile, phytochemical composition of wastewater, histo-anatomical structure(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Boztas, Kadir; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Turer, Gizem; Canli, Deniz; Bayram, Sinan; Celik, Saffet; Kirkinci, SeranBy-products with remarkable bioactive properties are formed in extraction processes of essential oils from plant materials. In present study, it was aimed to determine the concentration of individual phenolic and organic acid compounds by LC-MS/MS of the by-product (wastewater) collected after the essential oil isolation from Pelargonium graveolens L. and to determine some bioactive properties of this by-product. In addition, the chemical analysis and antibacterial activity of the essential oil extracted from P. graveolens were determined and the histo-anatomical characterization of the glandular trichomes in the leaf sample was performed. As a result, quercetin (95862.22 mu g/kg), myricetin (59834.32 mu g/kg) and rutin (36522.90 mu g/kg) were the phenolic compounds determined in the highest concentrations in the by-product extracted using two different extraction techniques (non-hydrolysis and hydrolysis methods). Moreover, the individual organic acids of the by-product screened in LC-MS/MS was found to be 4487.17 mg/kg in total. When the essential oil component profile of the plant sample was examined, the citronellol (38.78%) compound was found to be dominant, and it was also detected that the essential oil had remarkable bioactive properties. In conclusion, it can be stated that both the essential oil obtained from P. graveolens and the by-product obtained during essential oil isolation can be considered as a source of some bioactive components in many different industrial applications.