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    Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy
    (Selcuk University, 2025) Uzun, Mahmut Esat; Şahin, Musa; Bezci, Şakir; Köktaş, Ensar; Özdemir, Nurhan; Çingöz, Yunus Emre; Demir, Aleyna Habibe
    The aim of this study is to examine the effects of functional training performed during the daytime fasting period in Ramadan on changes in body composition, muscle strength, and muscle hypertrophy, with respect to training timing. The study included 32 healthy male university students enrolled at Karabük University who maintained daytime fasting between suhoor and iftar during Ramadan. Participants were divided into two groups based on training timing (pre-iftar and post-iftar), and a functional training program was implemented for four weeks. Body composition, circumferential measurements, and isometric muscle strength were assessed at two time points: before the start of the training program (pre-test) and after completion of the four-week training program (post-test). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical software package. No significant differences were observed between the pre-iftar and post-iftar training groups with respect to baseline demographic characteristics and body composition parameters (p > 0.05). In pre-training between-group comparisons, significant differences were identified only in certain upper-extremity muscle strength parameters and in isometric ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (p < 0.05). Following the four-week functional training program, significant between-group differences were observed solely in gluteus maximus muscle strength values (p < 0.05). Within-group analyses revealed statistically significant improvements in multiple parameters related to muscle mass and muscle strength in both training timing conditions (p < 0.05). However, while pre-iftar training was predominantly associated with strength gains in upper-extremity and postural muscle groups, post-iftar training elicited more pronounced adaptations in body composition indicators and lower-extremity muscle strength. This study provides an original contribution to the field by examining the feasibility and effects of high-intensity functional training during Ramadan from the perspective of training timing. The findings indicate that planning training sessions in relation to nutritional status may play a determining role in the direction and magnitude of physiological adaptations occurring during Ramadan. The observation that these adaptations were more pronounced particularly in large muscle groups underscores the role of training timing in musculoskeletal responses. The supportive effects of postprandial exercise on muscle protein synthesis and fat metabolism suggest that the present findings are consistent with the existing literature. Overall, these results demonstrate that training timing during Ramadan is a critical determinant in shaping the direction and extent of physiological adaptations. In this context, the study offers a scientifically grounded and practically applicable framework for planning training programs during Ramadan.