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Öğe Development of teacher academic optimism scale: The validity and reliability study(Pegem Akademi Yayincilik Egitim Danismanlik Hizmetleri, 2018) Ergen Y.; Elma C.The study aims to develop a valid and reliable academic optimism scale that can be used to determine teachers' academic optimism levels. The study was conducted through a total number of 404 primary school teachers who worked in the central districts of Malatya Province during 2014-2015 academic year. The content validity and face validity of the scale were determined via expert recommendations. An explanatory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to determine the construct validity of the scale. After the expert opinions, 80 items reduced to 64 and the data was collected by the use of these 64 items. An exploratory factor analysis revealed 5 factors reducing 64 items in to 33 and explaining 58.56% of the total variation in the data. The five-factor model obtained through an explanatory factor analysis after removal of one item as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis was observed to be highly consistent. Different from previous related research, the result showed that a new dimension as "Maneger Trust" emerged as a part of "Teacher Academic Optimism Scale". And finally this scale could be used as a valid and reliable instrument in the future studies.Öğe Primary school teachers' practices and troubles with the students who they think have undiagnosed difficulties in verbal communication, reading and writing(Horizon Research Publishing, 2018) Ergen Y.; Elma C.The primary school Turkish program was basically built on three learning domains. These are the learning domains of verbal communication, reading and writing. The purpose of the present study is to determine primary school teachers’ practices and difficulties related to students considered to have undiognosed verbal communication, reading and writing difficulties. The study used the phenomenological research design, one of the qualitative research designs. The sample of the study was composed of a total of 21 primary school teachers servicing in the province of Bayburt during the 2016-2017 educational year. The sample of the study was determined by using the maximum variation sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods. The study data was collected through using the semi-structured interview form. In the analysis of the data, the content analysis method was used. Based on the study results, it was concluded that the primary school teachers more frequently carried out the practices of 'speaking in front the class about daily events' for the students having speaking difficulties, 'using the smart board' for the students with listening difficulties, 'one-to-one reading with the teacher' for the students with reading difficulties and 'one-to-one dictation work' for the students with writing difficulties; they more frequently had problems related to the 'timid behaviors' of the students with speaking difficulties, 'losing attention' of the students with listening difficulties and the 'poor time management skills' of the students with reading and writing difficulties; they also expected help from families in all the learning domains. © 2018 by authors, all rights reserved.