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Anatomy, trichome micromorphology and phytochemical profile of Stachys rizeensis R.Bhattacharjee from Turkey
(Elsevier, 2022) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Sahin, Aydan Acar; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Celik, Saffet; Sefali, Abdurrahman; Gidik, Betul; Oz, Gul Cevahir
In recent years, the popularity of natural products and natural product formulations has increased due to their beneficial effects on health. As a part of this trend, Lamiaceae family members have attracted attention due to their rich bioactive properties. Although the Stachys rizeensis R.Bhattacharjee plant is an endemic plant species in Turkey, no studies focus on its characterization. Hence, the present study aims to demonstrate the anatomical, morphological and phytochemical characterization of S. rizeensis in Turkey. In the first stage of the study, anatomical and trichome morphological characterization was performed to contribute to the taxonomic definition of S. rizeensis was found to be anatomically different from some other previously studied Stachys sp. by showing lacunar collenchyma type, uncertain cambium at the corners, two or three rows of endodermis in certain areas in the stem and two rows of palisade parenchyma, capitate and peltate glandular trichomes in the leaf. In the second stage, the phenolic profile, total phenolic/flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the plant extracts prepared using solvents with different polarities (ethanol, methanol, water, ethyl acetate and hexane) were tested to determine the phytochemical content of the plant. The phytochem-ical analysis supported by chemometric analysis (PCA and HCA) revealed that methanol was the most efficient organic solvent for the extraction of the phytochemical compounds of the plant. Additionally, it was observed that chlorogenic acid (1842.40-217,086.19 mg/kg), verbascoside (2591.43-204,429.81 mg/kg), luteolin (3579.56-88,636.14 mg/kg) and kaempferol (9706.30-50,340.93 mg/kg) compounds were present at maximum levels in this plant, in which 31 different phenolic compounds were scanned using LC-MS/MS. In addition, results obtained from the phytochemical analysis revealed that S. rizeensis is a valuable plant that can be used for medical protection/treatment and that it could also have a variety of culinary applica-tions. The present study served as the first original report regarding the chemical profile and anatomical characteristics of S. rizeensis (Lamiaceae) from Turkey. (C) 2022 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The application of deep eutectic solvents for protein extraction from bee bread (Perga)
(Elsevier, 2024) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Kutlu, Naciye; Celik, Saffet; Bayram, Sinan; Nur, Fatma; Yildirim, Nazlican
Bee bread is one of the basic nutrients that bees use as a protein source and is formed as a result of the fermentation of bee pollen. In the last few years, this product has become increasingly recognized and consumed among bee products due to its functional properties. However, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have attracted great interest in recent years as promising green alternatives to replace traditional solvents due to their variable viscosity, low vapor pressure, application-specific adjustability, non-flammability and chemical stability. In this study, bee bread was extracted in 12 different DES with different hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA):hydrogen bond donor (HBD) combinations. The DES combination with the highest total protein content was determined to be choline chloride (ChCl)-urea. Then, ultrasonic extraction conditions were optimized for maximum bioactive extraction in extracts prepared with ChCl-urea. The optimum conditions were found as 31.3 %, 25 min, 35 degrees C for ultrasonic power, extraction time and temperature, respectively. The desirability value (d) of the model was 0.83. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content, total protein content, individual polyphenolics, individual amino acids and individual vitamins as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity tests. According to the results, total protein, total individual amino acids and total individual phenolics were higher in the extracts obtained with ChCl-urea compared to the extract prepared with conventional solvent (ethanol). In conclusion, all these findings showed that ChCl-urea combination can be an alternative to ethanol depending on the structural characteristics of the target compounds to be extracted from bee bread.
APPROPRIATE MACERATION DURATION FOR THE EXTRACTION OF PROPOLIS
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Ecem-Bayram, Nesrin; Gercek, Yusuf Can
The importance of the use of natural products as nutritional supplements in order to increase the quality of life and prevent diseases has increased in recent years. Among these products, propolis produced by honey bees is collected from plants and has a very complex structure in terms of chemical content. Propolis and its extracts have been used by humans for centuries because of its various bioactive properties. Although different methods can be used in the extraction stage, the most commonly used technique is extraction by maceration. However, there is no standard time period for extraction of propolis by maceration. We aimed to determine the changes in the concentrations of flavonoid group compounds pinocembrin, chrysin, tectochrysin, pinostrobin chalcone, gengwanin, naringenin and galangin from propolis samples exposed to seven different periods (1, 2, 5 10, 15, 20, 30 days) of maceration using GC-MS. The flavonoids pinocembrin, chrysin, tectochrysin, and naringenin reached their maximum concentrations at the end of 15 days of maceration and a decrease in their concentrations was observed after this period. The concentrations of other flavonoids did not show a steady increase or decrease with different maceration times. As a result, it can be said that the appropriate duration of maceration to extract the flavonoids responsible for propolis' numerous activities varies depending on the origin of the propolis and the nature of the compounds to be extracted.
Bee bread and bee pollen of different plant sources: determination of phenolic content, antioxidant activity, fatty acid and element profiles
(Springer, 2020) Mayda, Nazli; Ozkok, Asli; Ecem Bayram, Nesrin; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Sorkun, Kadriye
This study aims to determine the plant sources, fatty acid composition, total phenolic-flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, and elemental profile of bee pollen (BP) and bee bread (BB) samples from the same bee hive in different locations. 31 families and 71 species were determined by pollen analysis of BP and BB samples. Pollen frequencies in BB samples were generally similar or less than in BP. Total phenolic varied from 8.26 +/- 0.299 to 43.42 +/- 0.779 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid ranged from 1.81 +/- 0.040 to 4.44 +/- 0.125 mg QE/g. ABTS and DDPH assays indicated that the samples have good antioxidant activity. Samples showed a protein content ranging from 17.6 to 22.2% while the total fatty acid was between 60.27 and 86.49%. The elemental analysis showed that all samples were rich in essential minerals. As a result, total protein, total fatty acids, moisture content and antioxidant capacity of BB samples were found to be lower than those of BP samples from the same hive. In spite of these data, it is necessary to work with more detailed and more samples to be able to say which bee product (bee pollen or bee bread) has superior properties as functional food.
Bioactive compounds of deep eutectic solvents extracts of Hypericum perforatum L.: Polyphenolic- organic acid profile by LC-MS/MS and pharmaceutical activity
(Elsevier, 2022) Bayram, Sinan; Kutlu, Naciye; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Celik, Saffet; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are known as environmentally-friendly solvents that have emerged as an alter-native to conventional organic solvents in recent years. In this study, the effects of ten different DESs on the extraction of bioactive components from the Hypericum perforatum were investigated. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, phenolic profile (32 phenolics), organic acid profile (52 organic acids), as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of H. perforatum extracts prepared using DESs and ultrasonic-assisted extraction method were determined. Total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities of ex-tracts were determined between 3.10 +/- 0.86-16.64 +/- 2.09 mg GA/g, 0.02 +/- 0.00-12.29 +/- 0.30 mg QE/g, and 8.40 +/- 0.50-44.78 +/- 2.66 mg TE/g, respectively. DES2 (choline chloride:ethylene glycol) and DES7 (choline chloride:lactic acid) demonstrated higher extraction success than other DESs for extracting phenolics and organic acids, respectively. DESs prepared using organic acid as hydrogen bond donor were found to have an antibacterial effect against all bacterial samples. However, the inhibitory effect against yeast-like fungi was observed in a narrower spectrum. Moreover, the results from principal component analysis also confirmed that the type of solvent used for extraction has a significant influence on the phenolics, organic acid, and other parameters. As a result, it was seen that DES components directly affect the extraction efficiency of target compounds from H. perforatum. This is a first and original report about use of DESs in extracting different bioactive components from H. perforatum.
Bioproduction, structure elucidation and in vitro antiproliferative effect of eumelanin pigment fromStreptomyces parvusBSB49
(Springer, 2020) Bayram, Sinan; Dengiz, Cagatay; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Cetin, Idil; Topcul, Mehmet R.
In this study, the structure of the purified extracellular eumelanin pigment isolated fromStreptomycesspp. was elucidated by detailed analysis via two different spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR and NMR). In vitro antiproliferative effects of eumelanin were evaluated on HeLa cell line. These experiments were carried out with the evaluation of the parameters including cell viability, cell index, and mitotic index. With the cell viability and cell index, IC50 concentration of eumelanin was determined as 10 mu M. This result showed that the IC50 concentration of eumelanin decreased the values of cell viability, cell index and mitotic index. These changes are statistically significant (p < 0.01). The ability of the dissolved eumelanin (250 mu g mL(-1)) to scavenge free radicals was determined via DPPH and ABTS and was shown to be about 87.73% and 75.2%, respectively, compared with standard antioxidants. It was observed that dry weights of eumelanin yield among the selected strains ranged from 160 to 240 mg L-1. The strain with the highest production potential was selected for 16S rDNA sequence analysis and, accordingly, the selected strain BSB49 was identified asStreptomyces parvusand the sequence analysis results were deposited in NCBI under accession number MK894155.
Characterization of Essential Oil and Wastewater from Thymus nummularius M. Bieb. and Micromorphological Examination of Glandular Trichomes
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Celik, Saffet; Canli, Deniz; Mavaldi, Muhammed Halid; Boztas, Kadir; Basturk, Fatma Nur
This study aimed to determine the volatile profile by GC-MS and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil isolated from Thymus nummularius using the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method and morphologically characterize the glandular trichomes in leaf samples. Obtained essential oil, as well as wastewater obtained during essential oil isolation, were chemically (polyphenolic compounds, organic acids, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity) characterized. As a result of GC-MS analysis of the essential oil, different ratios of essential oil components were identified, predominantly thymol (38.91%), linalool (13.12%) and geraniol (6.51%). The antimicrobial activity results showed that T. nummularius essential oil has a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect against all target microorganisms (bacteria and yeast-like fungi). Screening of 32 polyphenolic compounds and 52 organic acids in the wastewater was performed by LC-MS/MS and the major polyphenolic compound and organic acid were determined as caffeic acid (97316.85 mu g/kg) and malic acid (6898.88 mg/kg), respectively. While the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the wastewater were 35.91 mg GA/g and 34.91 mg QE/g, respectively, the antioxidant activity results were obtained using the CUPRAC, CERAC and ABTS tests were 86.28 mg TE/g, 72.85 mg TE/g and 47.88 mg TE/g. These results support that the T. nummularius, an important production area in Turkey, can be used in different industrial areas due to its rich bioactive content. In addition, it can be said that wastewater is also considered a valuable source of bioactive substances.
The Effect of Different Drying Methods on Bioactive and Nutrition Contents of Bee Bread and Mathematical Modeling of Drying Characteristics
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Kutlu, Naciye; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem
In this study, the aim was to determine the effect of different drying methods (with microwave and hot air) on the color, nutrient and bioactive contents of fresh bee bread. Drying characteristics were also investigated. Microwave and hot air drying were applied at different microwave powers and temperatures, respectively. Lower moisture ratios and highest effective diffusion coefficients were obtained with microwave drying in a shorter time. The Midilli model was found to be the most suitable thin-layer drying model for both methods. Regardless of the drying conditions, moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid proportions were observed to vary in the ranges of 4.9-8.2 %, 1.61-2.67 %, 17.47-32.54 %, 39.92-60.84 %, and 7.10-8.89 %, respectively. The lowest color difference was obtained for the sample dried at 210 W. As a result, it was determined that microwave drying is more suitable for preserving the nutritional and bioactive content of bee bread during drying.
Effects of processing methods and extraction solvents on the chemical content and bioactive properties of propolis
(Springer, 2020) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Togar, Basak
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive properties of propolis extract prepared using different solvents and different extraction methods. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the differences between their antibacterial activities were evaluated by disc diffusion method. At the same time, bioactive properties of different concentrations of propolis extracts were investigated on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The proliferative effects and cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analyzes, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative status (TOS) parameters were used in assessing biochemical effects in the HUVEC cell line. The DNA damage was also analyzed by 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level as indicators of genotoxicity. As a result of the MTT analysis conducted within the scope of the present study, the extracts tested were sorted as 95% ethanol extract of propolis (PEE95) > ultrasonic ethanol extract of propolis (PUEE) > 50% ethanol extract of propolis (PEE50) > ultrasonic water extract of propolis (PUWE) in terms of the effectiveness of their cell viabilities. It was observed that high concentrations of PEE95 induced LDH release. In addition to this, our findings have shown that PEE50, PUEE and PUWE increased oxidative stress at high concentrations. According to 8-OH-dG analysis, all tested extracts were found to be non-genotoxic. The results obtained from antibacterial activity and minimum inhibition concentration tests showed that PUEE and PEE95 had stronger antibacterial effects than PEE50 and PUWE. All these results indicated that propolis has beneficial effects for human health and therefore it is a valuable product which can be used as a food supplement.
Evaluation of lavender essential oils and by-products using microwave hydrodistillation and conventional hydrodistillation
(Nature Research, 2024) Kırkıncı, Seran; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Baştürk, Fatma Nur; Yıldırım, Nazlıcan; Gıdık, Betül; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem
This study investigated the impact of two extraction methods, traditional hydrodistillation (TDH) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAH), on the essential oil yield and chemical profile of Lavandula angustifolia L., as well as the bioactive potential of the resulting wastewater. Essential oil composition was analyzed via GC–MS, revealing similar qualitative and quantitative profiles for both methods, with ?-terpinolene and (–)borneol as major constituents. Wastewater analysis via LC–MS/MS and spectrophotometric assays demonstrated the presence of significant total phenolic content (3.29–1.78 mg GAE/g) and 32 individual phenolics (463.1 µg/kg for TDH; 479.33 µg/kg for MAH). These findings suggest that both essential oil and wastewater obtained by either method possess considerable bioactive potential, with the MAH method potentially offering advantages over TDH for essential oil extraction. Further exploration of wastewater applications in various industrial sectors is warranted. © The Author(s) 2024.
Extraction of Functional Compounds from Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) by Deep Eutectic Solvents at Different Properties
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Kutlu, Naciye; Celik, Saffet; Gidik, Betul; Bayram, Sinan; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem
In this study, it was aimed to examine the capacity of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different contents to extract bioactive compounds from tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) plant. For this reason, the total phenolic-flavonoid content, total proanthocyanidin content and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of the prepared DES extracts were investigated, as well as the individual phenolic and individual amino acid profiles. According to the results, DES10 had the highest efficiency in terms of its capacity to extract individual phenolics (approximately 59 mg/100 g) and individual amino acids (approximately 2500 mg/kg), and also gave a higher yield compared to ethanol (approximately 44 mg/100 g for individual phenolics and about 19810 mg/kg for individual amino acids) and methanol (approximately 58 mg/100 g for individual phenolics and approximately 21430 mg/kg for individual amino acids). However, the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity values of DES extracts were determined between 59.09-77.50 mg GAE/100 g, 28.68-45.55 mg GAE/100 g and 42.96-146.86 mg TE/100 g, respectively. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these green solvents, which are known as environmentally friendly, as an alternative to organic solvents in the process of preparing extracts of this important medicinal plant in different areas.
Macronutrient and micronutrient levels and phenolic compound characteristics of monofloral honey samples
(Vup Food Research Inst, Bratislava, 2020) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Canli, Deniz; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Celik, Saffet; Guzel, Fatma; Morgil, Hande
This study aimed to obtain data on specific properties of various monofloral honey samples. Palynological, phenolic component, macroelemental and microelemental analyses were conducted and antimicrobial activities of honey samples were determined. In addition, protocatechuic acid for pine, lavender (from Isparta), heather (from Mugla) and cedar honey; gallic acid for carob, oak, lavender (from Antalya), chestnut, sandalwood and heather (from Antalya) honey; caffeic acid for linden, astragalus, chaste honey; syringic acid for rhododendron honey and the quercetin compound for cornelian cherry-citrus honey were observed to be dominant. As a result of the elemental analyses performed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, it was determined that elemental profiles of all of the honey samples differed, and the total ratio of macrominerals sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was the highest in the oak honey and the lowest in the cornelian cherry-citrus honey. According to antibacterial activity test results, Gram-negative bacteria were found to be more resistant to the honey samples compared to Gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, the results of this study confirmed that the origin (blossom or honeydew) and plant source of the honey samples had an effect on their elemental content, phenolic component and antimicrobial activity.
Microwave hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens L'Her leaves: Essential oil profile, phytochemical composition of wastewater, histo-anatomical structure
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Boztas, Kadir; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Turer, Gizem; Canli, Deniz; Bayram, Sinan; Celik, Saffet; Kirkinci, Seran
By-products with remarkable bioactive properties are formed in extraction processes of essential oils from plant materials. In present study, it was aimed to determine the concentration of individual phenolic and organic acid compounds by LC-MS/MS of the by-product (wastewater) collected after the essential oil isolation from Pelargonium graveolens L. and to determine some bioactive properties of this by-product. In addition, the chemical analysis and antibacterial activity of the essential oil extracted from P. graveolens were determined and the histo-anatomical characterization of the glandular trichomes in the leaf sample was performed. As a result, quercetin (95862.22 mu g/kg), myricetin (59834.32 mu g/kg) and rutin (36522.90 mu g/kg) were the phenolic compounds determined in the highest concentrations in the by-product extracted using two different extraction techniques (non-hydrolysis and hydrolysis methods). Moreover, the individual organic acids of the by-product screened in LC-MS/MS was found to be 4487.17 mg/kg in total. When the essential oil component profile of the plant sample was examined, the citronellol (38.78%) compound was found to be dominant, and it was also detected that the essential oil had remarkable bioactive properties. In conclusion, it can be stated that both the essential oil obtained from P. graveolens and the by-product obtained during essential oil isolation can be considered as a source of some bioactive components in many different industrial applications.
Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Compounds from Bee Pollen with Deep Eutectic Solvents Using Response Surface Methodology
(Mdpi, 2022) Celik, Saffet; Kutlu, Naciye; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Pandiselvam, Ravi; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in green extraction methods and green solvents due to their many advantages. In this study, the effects of an ultrasonic extraction method and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the extraction of different bioactive substances from bee pollen were investigated. In this regard, the effects of process variables such as the molar ratio of the DES (1, 1.5, and 2), sonication time (15, 30, and 45 min), and ultrasonic power (90, 135 and 180 W) on total individual amino acids, total individual organic acids, and total individual phenolic compounds were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were found to be a molar ratio of 2, sonication time of 45 min, and ultrasonic power of 180 W (R-2 = 0.84). Extracts obtained via the maceration method using ethanol as a solvent were evaluated as the control group. Compared with the control group, the total individual amino acid and total individual organic acid values were higher using DESs. In addition, compounds such as myricetin, kaempferol, and quercetin were extracted at higher concentrations using DESs compared to controls. The results obtained in antimicrobial activity tests showed that the DES groups had broad-spectrum antibacterial effects against all bacterial samples, without exception. However, in yeast-like fungus samples, this inhibition effect was negligibly low. This study is the first to evaluate the impact of DESs on the extraction of bioactive substances from bee pollen. The obtained results show that this innovative and green extraction technique/solvent (ultrasonic extraction/DES) can be used successfully to obtain important bioactive compounds from bee pollen.
An optimization study for amino acid extraction from bee bread using choline chloride-acetic acid deep eutectic solvent and determination of individual phenolic profile
(Springer, 2024) Kutlu, Naciye; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Celik, Saffet; Bayram, Sinan; Ecem Bayram, Nesrin
In this study, the aim was to optimize the extraction conditions (molar ratio, time, temperature) in order to maximize the total individual amino acid (TAA) yield from bee bread, which is a fermented bee product, using choline chloride-acetic acid deep eutectic solvent (DES). In addition to the phenolic profile and amino acid profile investigated by LC-MS/MS, some spectrophotometric (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total proanthocyanidin content) and bioactivity (antioxidant/antimicrobial activity) tests were carried out on the extracts. Optimum conditions were determined as 1:2 for molar ratio, 15 min for time and 10 degrees C for temperature with optimization based on the TAA values of the different extracts (d: 0.99). Molar ratio and temperature were found to have statistically significant effects on TAA values. At optimum conditions, the amount of TAA obtained with DES (29.678 g/kg) was found to be approximately 35.2% and 54.4% higher than that obtained with ethanol and methanol extracts, respectively. All these results indicate that choline chloride-acetic acid DES can be chosen when preparing bee bread extracts, which are evaluated for different areas of use such as food and health due to active ingredient content. Higher active ingredients can be extracted by trying different DES combinations.
Organic acids and their derivatives: minor components of bee pollen, bee bread, royal jelly and bee venom
(Springer, 2022) Celik, Saffet; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Ozkok, Asli; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem
This study aimed to determine the organic acid profiles of bee products such as royal jelly, bee venom, bee pollen and bee bread, as well as to verify the method employed in the study. For this purpose, royal jelly, bee venom, bee pollen and bee bread samples were obtained from different locations, and 55 individual organic acids were determined using the liquid chromatography technique coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and method verification was carried out. Moreover, principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to compare the organic acid content of bee products and evaluate the overall variation. According to the results, the order of the total organic acid profiles was determined as bee venom (4141 mg/kg-6260 mg/kg) > bee bread (736-990 mg/kg) > bee pollen (837-1503 mg/kg) > royal jelly (192-1947 mg/kg). Although citric acid (423-41,519 mg/kg) was dominantly detected in samples among the organic acids screened. It is thought that the results obtained will contribute to scientific studies carried out to determine the authenticity of bee products and their standardization.
Phenolic and free amino acid profiles of bee bread and bee pollen with the same botanical origin - similarities and differences
(Elsevier, 2021) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Celik, Saffet; Mayda, Nazli; Kostic, Aleksandar Z.; Dramicanin, Aleksandra M.; Ozkok, Asli
In this study, the chemical profile of bee pollen (BP) and bee bread (BB) samples collected from the same beehive were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography technique coupled with tandem mass spectrometry), providing the identification of 23 phenolic compounds and 42 free amino acids (FAAs). Rutin was the phenolic compound with the highest rate of occurrence in both BP and BB samples. However, concentrations of protocatechuic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and kaempferol compounds were significantly higher in BB samples than in BP samples from the same hive probably as result of microbial activity and glycosides degradation. The obtained data revealed that the phenolic profiles of the samples differ not only by the type of a product but also by region. Among FAAs proline was the predominant compound in all the analyzed BP and BB samples followed by L-asparagine (BP samples) and L-aspartic acid (BP and BB samples). A high content of proline can be used as a parameter of sample freshness. Also, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis proved the possibility of using phlorizin as a chemotaxonomic marker for Rosaceae (Malus or Prunus genus) pollen presence in BP1 sample. In addition, amino acid profile had higher impact on BP and BB sample differentiation due to lower FAAs content in BB samples probably caused by microbial activity. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to compare the individual phenolic compounds and free amino acids of bee pollen and bee bread samples with the same botanical origin (predominantly originated from plants belonging to the following families: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Plantaginaceae and Rosaceae). (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
Screening for antioxidant capacity, pollen types and phytochemical profile by GC/MS and UHPLC from propolis
(Mattioli 1885, 2020) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Oz, Gul Cevahir
Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honeybees from different parts of plants such as poplars, birches, alders, conifers, pines, palms and willows. This study aims to determine pollen types (by light microscope), chemical compound profile (by GC-MS), fatty acid composition (by GC-MS), total phenolic content (by the Folin-Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (by the aluminium chloride method) and antioxidant capacity (by the CUPRAC, ABTS and CERAC methods) of a propolis sample from the western part of Istanbul, Turkey. As a result of microscopic analysis of the sample, pollen types of taxa belonging to 27 plant families were diagnosed. The GC-MS analysis of propolis revealed the presence of 38 phytochemical constituents that may contribute to its quality. Of these compounds, rates of 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-,(S) were highest. In addition, the concentrations of naringenin, pinocembrin and galangin were determined to be 2.45, 9.92 and 7.06 mg/ml by UHPLC analysis. The extract had significant antioxidant activity in all assays, with values of 282.8 +/- 9 mg TE/g in the CUPRAC, 425.7 +/- 18 mg TE/g in the CERAC and 186.4 +/- 8 mg TE/g in the ABTS assays. Antioxidant capacity of the propolis extract was positively associated with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract. Moreover, the major fatty acids were C20:1n9 (cis-11-eicosenoic acid), C22:1 (erucic acid) and C24:1 (nervonic acid). The results show that the propolis used in our study has important potential as an alternative food supplement and for cosmetic and therapeutic medicine and it can be used as an active agent in these areas.
Screening of Plant Pollen Sources, Polyphenolic Compounds, Fatty Acids and Antioxidant/Antimicrobial Activity from Bee Pollen
(Mdpi, 2022) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Celik, Saffet; Bayram, Sinan
In this study, the botanical origin, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant activity, phenolic profile and fatty acid composition of mixed bee pollen loads collected in Bayburt, Turkey, were determined. In addition to these assays, antibacterial activity of bee-collected pollen extract (BCPE) against a variety of food-borne pathogenic bacteria was determined in vitro. Pollen loads were classified into five botanical families based on their color: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Campanulaceae, Cistaceae and Rosaceae. Total flavonoid, total phenolic, CUPRAC and CERAC concentrations were 173.52 mg GAE/g, 79.21 mg QE/g, 85.59 mg Trolox/g and 118.13 mg Trolox/g, respectively. Twenty-three phenolic compounds were scanned in bee pollen extract by LC-MS/MS, with rutin being the most abundant. Cis-4,7,10,13,16,19 docosahexaenoic acid was the predominant fatty acid, followed by cis-11-eicosenoic acid, palmitic acid, and alfa linolenic acid. In addition, the agar well diffusion (AWD) and micro-broth dilution methods were used to determine of the antibacterial activity of the BCPE sample. MIC values were observed to vary between 2.5-5 mg/mL for Gram-positive bacteria and 5-10 mg/mL for Gram-negative bacteria. These findings indicate that bee pollen could be a potential source of antioxidants and antimicrobials.
Turkish royal jelly: amino acid, physicochemical, antioxidant, multi-elemental, antibacterial and fingerprint profiles by analytical techniques combined with chemometrics
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Ecem Bayram, Nesrin; Cebi, Nur; Celik, Saffet; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Tanugur Samanci, Asli Elif; Sagdic, Osman
Royal jelly is one of the most remarkable commercial bee products used in cosmetics, medicine, and as a dietary supplement. This study aimed to determine some quality parameters (amino acid, multi-elemental, total phenolic-flavonoid, 10-HDA, sugar, and moisture content) as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different royal jelly samples (domestic and non-domestic samples). In this study, royal jelly samples exhibited high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. 10-HDA values were found to be higher in domestic royal jelly samples (2.17-2.71%) compared to non-domestic samples (0.31-1.71%). Also, it was found that the acidity value varied between 2.57-3.37 mL 0.1 N NaOH/g and 3.87-4.97 mL 0.1 N NaOH/g in non-domestic and domestic royal jelly samples, respectively. L-Proline was the amino acid with the highest rate of occurrence in both domestic (21972.39-35053.00 nmol/g) and non-domestic (19688.31-21711.50 nmol/g) samples. It was determined that the new method developed for amino acid analysis has many advantages over other methods. Chemometrics of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that amino acid profile, elemental profile, and chemical parameters were capable of presenting characteristic and descriptive properties of royal jelly samples. In addition to these findings, Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was successfully used to distinguish domestic and non-domestic royal jelly samples. The obtained results will provide an important basis for subsequent research on the evaluation of the amino acid content, physicochemical properties, phenolic content, and the antioxidant and elemental profile of royal jelly.

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