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Öğe Alyssum filiforme Bitkisinin Antimikrobiyal, Antibiyofilm, Antioksidan Aktivitesinin ve Fenolik Profilinin Belirlenmesi(2023) Orçan, İlayda; Bülbül, Ali Savaş; Kara, YakupÖz ? Bakteriler antibiyotiklere ve türevlerine karşı günden güne direnç kazanmaktadır ve bu küresel bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Bitkilerde bulunan sekonder metabolitlerin (fenolik bileşikler, flavonoidler, alkoloidler gibi) antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal gibi çeşitli aktiviteleri sebebiyle bu küresel sorunun önüne geçilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu kapsamda çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmış ve halen de yapılmaktadır. Bitkisel kaynaklardan antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve anti-biyofilm gibi etki gösteren bileşenlerin belirlenmesi ile antibiyotik ve türevlerine karşı oluşan direnç aşılabilir. B vitamini ve magnezyum açısından zengin olan Brassicacea ailesinin bir üyesi de Alyssum filiforme türüdür. Alyssum filiforme bu kapsamda değerlendirilebilecek potansiyele sahip bir endemik türdür. Bu çalışmada; endemik olarak yetişen türün antimikrobiyal, anti-biyofilm, antioksidan ve RP-HPLC-PDA ile fenolik profili belirlendi. Elde edilen ekstre antimikrobiyal aktivite için Minimum İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonu (MIC) ve Minimum Bakterisidal Konsantrasyonu (MBC) yöntemleri uygulandı, antioksidan aktiviteyi belirlemek için ise 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikalini temizleme aktivitesi ve demir indirgeme antioksidan güç (FRAP) metodları kullanıldı. Biyofilm oluşumunu önlemedeki etkinliği gözlemleyebilmek için kristal viyole bağlama yöntemi kullanıldı. Tüm bakterilerde olumlu sonuçlar elde edildi. FRAP ve DPPH sonuçları sırasıyla 13.070 ?mol FeSO4.7H2O/g ve SC50 5.190 mg/ml olarak belirlendi. Elde edilen fenolik analiz sonucunda bitkinin kafeik asit ve krisin yönünden zengin olduğu bulundu. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında Alyssum filiforme türünün sağlık açısından değerli bir tür olduğu düşünülmektedir.Öğe Alyssum filiforme Bitkisinin Antimikrobiyal, Antibiyofilm, Antioksidan Aktivitesinin ve Fenolik Profilinin Belirlenmesi(2023) Orçan, İlayda; Bülbül, Ali Savaş; Kara, YakupÖz ? Bakteriler antibiyotiklere ve türevlerine karşı günden güne direnç kazanmaktadır ve bu küresel bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Bitkilerde bulunan sekonder metabolitlerin (fenolik bileşikler, flavonoidler, alkoloidler gibi) antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal gibi çeşitli aktiviteleri sebebiyle bu küresel sorunun önüne geçilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu kapsamda çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmış ve halen de yapılmaktadır. Bitkisel kaynaklardan antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve anti-biyofilm gibi etki gösteren bileşenlerin belirlenmesi ile antibiyotik ve türevlerine karşı oluşan direnç aşılabilir. B vitamini ve magnezyum açısından zengin olan Brassicacea ailesinin bir üyesi de Alyssum filiforme türüdür. Alyssum filiforme bu kapsamda değerlendirilebilecek potansiyele sahip bir endemik türdür. Bu çalışmada; endemik olarak yetişen türün antimikrobiyal, anti-biyofilm, antioksidan ve RP-HPLC-PDA ile fenolik profili belirlendi. Elde edilen ekstre antimikrobiyal aktivite için Minimum İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonu (MIC) ve Minimum Bakterisidal Konsantrasyonu (MBC) yöntemleri uygulandı, antioksidan aktiviteyi belirlemek için ise 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikalini temizleme aktivitesi ve demir indirgeme antioksidan güç (FRAP) metodları kullanıldı. Biyofilm oluşumunu önlemedeki etkinliği gözlemleyebilmek için kristal viyole bağlama yöntemi kullanıldı. Tüm bakterilerde olumlu sonuçlar elde edildi. FRAP ve DPPH sonuçları sırasıyla 13.070 ?mol FeSO4.7H2O/g ve SC50 5.190 mg/ml olarak belirlendi. Elde edilen fenolik analiz sonucunda bitkinin kafeik asit ve krisin yönünden zengin olduğu bulundu. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında Alyssum filiforme türünün sağlık açısından değerli bir tür olduğu düşünülmektedir.Öğe Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of propolis from Marmara region, Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Kolayli, Sevgi; cakmak, IbrahimThis study investigated various properties of raw propolis samples from Marmara region of Turkey. Total phenolic content (TPF), total flavonoid (TFC) values, condensed tannin content (CTC) and phenolic profiles of ethanolic extracts (70%) were analyzed. Antioxidant activities were tested using the Ferric (III) reduction/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging methods. Phenolic profiles of the samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV) method. TPC, TFC and CTC values in the samples ranged from 52.9 to 203.5 mg GAE/g, 13.6 to 43.9 mg QUE/g, and 2.0 and 2.9 mg CTE/g, respectively. Caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), chrysin, pinocembrin, rutin, and t-cinnamic acid were detected as the common phenolic components in all samples. In conclusion, Marmara region propolis is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids with antioxidant properties.Öğe Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of propolis from Marmara region, Turkey(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Kolaylı, Sevgi; Çakmak, IbrahimThis study investigated various properties of raw propolis samples from Marmara region of Turkey. Total phenolic content (TPF), total flavonoid (TFC) values, condensed tannin content (CTC) and phenolic profiles of ethanolic extracts (70%) were analyzed. Antioxidant activities were tested using the Ferric (III) reduction/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging methods. Phenolic profiles of the samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV) method. TPC, TFC and CTC values in the samples ranged from 52.9 to 203.5 mg GAE/g, 13.6 to 43.9 mg QUE/g, and 2.0 and 2.9 mg CTE/g, respectively. Caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), chrysin, pinocembrin, rutin, and t-cinnamic acid were detected as the common phenolic components in all samples. In conclusion, Marmara region propolis is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids with antioxidant properties. © 2023 International Bee Research Association.Öğe Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of bee breads from different regions of Türkiye by chemometric analysis (PCA and HCA)(Springer, 2024) Can, Zehra; Gidik, Betul; Kara, Yakup; Kolayli, SevgiThe objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of bee bread samples obtained from various regions in T & uuml;rkiye The goal was to characterize and classify 15 of bee bread samples based on their geographical origins. This investigation employed chemometric techniques, specifically principal component analysis (PCA) and a hierarchical clustering algorithm (HCA), for the inaugural comprehensive analysis of all data encompassing antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in bee bread. The primary objective was to unveil potential clustering patterns among of bee bread samples based on their geographical origins. According to the results, the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of bee bread samples ranged from 4.393 to 14.917 mg GAE/g dw, while the Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) exhibited variation within the range of 0.681 to 3.504 mg QE/g dw. p-OH benzoic and p-coumaric acids were detected in all samples. Other phenolic compounds were identified in different proportions among the bee bread samples. This study demonstrated the successful application of the PCA chemometric method to assess the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of bee bread samples from various regions of T & uuml;rkiye. The results revealed effective clustering of the bee bread samples based on their geographical origins.Öğe Applicability of Phenolic Profile Analysis Method Developed with RP-HPLC-PDA to some Bee Product(Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Kolayl, SevgiIn this work, a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) with photo diode array (PDA) at 4 different wavelengths (250, 280, 320 and 360) for the determination of some polyphenols in some bee products (honey, pollen, and propolis) is developed. The analyses were carried out on C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 mu m; GL Sciences), and the gradient program was used with a mobile phase A reservoir with 70% acetonitrile and the B reservoir with 2% acetic acid. The HPLC method was founded that limit of detection was in the range 0.022-0.0908 mu g/mL; the limit of quantification was in the range 0.074-0.3027 mu g/mL, all calibration curves were linear R-2>0.995 within the range, the recovery range was 91.43- 111.37% for 10 ppm and 98.44-101.68% for 40 ppm and relative error levels 0.0330-0.0290 respectively. The developed method was applied to some bee products available on the Turkey market. The study aimed at phenolic profiles of the bee products extracts were revealed by using 25 phenolic standards. The proposed method was optimized, quickly, and simple validated by evaluating the linear range, the limits of detection and quantification, the accuracy, the precious, the repeatability, and recoveries suitable for the phenolic analysis. It is concluded that evaluated and the quantitative determination of the bee products can be made quickly and reliably with the optimized method.Öğe Bee bread from Anatolia: its chemical composition, phenolic and aromatic profiles, and antioxidant properties(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Kolayli, Sevgi; Okumus Yukunc, Gulsah; Kara, Yakup; Demir Kanbur, Esra; Can, Zehra; Ozkok, Asli; Tanugur Samanci, Asli ElifThis study investigated the botanical origin, chemical composition, phenolic and volatile aromatic profiles, and antioxidant activities of 11 bee bread samples from different regions of Anatolia, Turkey. The bee bread samples contained high amounts of proteins (19.61 g/100 g) and lipids (6.43 g/100 g). The bee breads were determined to have a rich mineral content. The antioxidant potential of the bee breads was predicted using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total condensed tannin (TCT) content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The TPC of the bee breads ranged between 2.041 +/- 0.170 and 3.224 +/- 0.006 mg GAE/g, while the TFC ranged from 0.323 +/- 0.004 to 1.903 +/- 0.017 mg QE/g. The FRAP assay showed antioxidant activity ranging from 17.778 +/- 0.207 to 49.752 +/- 0.856 mu mol FeSO4.7H2O/g, and the DPPH values were between 1.054 +/- 0.009 and 4.366 +/- 0.014 SC50 mg/mL. Using 25 standards, RP-HPLC-PDA quantified the composition of the phenolic compounds, attributed to their antioxidant activity. The highest concentrations were detected for t-cinnamic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid. One hundred nineteen volatile aromatic compounds were determined in the bee breads by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The obtained values suggest that bee breads could serve as a potential source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for value-added food supplements and functional foods.Öğe Characteristic Properties of Spurge (Euphorbia macroclada Boiss.) Honey in Diyarbakır Region(Oktay YILDIZ, 2020) Kara, Yakup; Birinci, Ceren; Birinci, Esra; Can, ZehraSütleğen otu veya bitkisi (Euphorbia macroclada Bois.) ülkemizde yaygın olarak yetişen otsu bir bitki tür olup, her sütleğen otu bal nektar üretmez. Halk arasında sütlüce otu olarak da bilinen bu zehirli bitki, zehirli olmayan nektarlara sahiptir. Ülkemizde en yoğun olarak Güney Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde özellikle Diyarbakır ve Adıyaman bölgelerinde Ağustos ve Eylül aylarında üretilen sütleğen balı (haşul balı) apiterapik bal olarak çok değişik amaçlar için kullanılmaktadır. Mercimek ve nohut hasatından boş kalan tarlalarda yetişen sütleğen çiçeklerinden üretilmektedir. Sütleğen nektarına göre amber renginden oldukça koyu renge kadar değişen renk ve tatlardaki bu bal, oldukça vizkoz, kolay kristalize olmayan, hafif eksimsi bir tada ve aromaya sahiptir. Yapılan bu çalışmada ile ilk kez sütleğen balının bazı fiziko-kimyasal ve antioksidan özellikleri araştırıldı. Çiçek ballarınna göre daha yüksek Fruktoz/Glukoz oranı (1.4-1.7) ve yüksek fenolik madde miktarı (56-82 mg gallik asit (GAE/100 g) ve yüksek antioksidan kapasiteye ile apiterapötik değeri yüksek ballardan biridir. Ancak, yapılacak daha ileri çalışmalar bu balın gerçek biyolojik aktif değerini ortaya çıkaracaktır.Öğe Characterization of the black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) honey from Turkiye(Elsevier, 2023) Kemal, Mehmet; Esertas, Ulku Zeynep Ureyen; Kanbur, Esra Demir; Kara, Yakup; Ozcelik, Ali Erdem; Can, Zehra; Kolayli, SevgiThis case report study investigated the botanical, physicochemical, and phenolic compositions, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of varying amounts of black cumin honey (Nigella sativa) from Burdur region of Turkiye. The samples had an average moisture value of 17.23% and a Nigella sativa pollen ratio ranging from 19% to 51%. Electrical conductivity (EC) values ranged from 0.36 to 0.54 mS/cm. The average color values of Hunter (L, a, b) were 43.55 (L*), 32.77 (a*), and 64.52 (b*), respectively. The proline contents were ranged from 875 to 1624 mg/kg. The average F/G ratio and F+G value were 1.43 +/- 0.11 and 68.75 +/- 4.75, respectively. The average of total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents were 36.87 +/- 7.00 mg GAE/100 g and 5.63 +/- 1.45 mg QUE/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the samples were tested using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, with mean values of 179.40 +/- 25.35 mu mol FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O/100 g and 46.07 +/- 12.87 mg/mL, respectively. The phenolic composition of the samples were tested using the HPLC-PDA method with 25 phenolic standards. Gallic acid, p-OH benzoic acid, t-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, chrysin, and pinocembrin were determined as common components. The samples exhibited high antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter haemolyticus, but did not affect Candida albicans, Candida parapilopsis, or Mycobacterium smegmatis.Öğe Comparative Study of Some Commercial Propolis Extract with New Prepared Ethanolic Propolis Extract(Arıcılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, 2020) Kolaylı, Sevgi; Kara, Yakup; Can, ZehraIn this study, quality parameters of some commercially sold in Turkey propolis extracts were compared with freshly prepared ethanolic propolis extract (70%). The pH, total phenolic substance, total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity values of 11 different commercial samples, including aqueous, ethanolic, water?based and vegetable oil, were compared. As a result, it was determined that ethanolic samples had the highest activity and the activity of propolis with olive oil was very low. It was found that products with high total polyphenol content (TP) had high total antioxidant values. It was also determined that a standard method was not used for the preparation of commercial propolis samples and that the TP values differ greatly.Öğe DETERMINATION OF ANTI-UREASE ACTIVITY OF PROPOLIS FROM MARMARA REGION OF TURKEY(Bursa Uludag University, 2022) Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Kolayli, Sevgi; Çakmak, IbrahimPropolis is a natural product collected by honeybees from plants especially flowers and buds by mixing with wax and resin and used for many purposes in hive. It is known that propolis has been used in the treatment of various diseases in traditional medicine for many years and has biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory. There is increasing interest in alternative approaches to inhibit Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and thereby treat many gastric diseases. This study investigated various properties of raw propolis samples from the Marmara region of Turkey. Anti-urease activity was investigated in propolis samples. The anti-urease activity of IC50 values ranged from 1.110 to 5.870 mg/mL. As a result, it can be said that propolis extract is a good inhibitor that can be used in the treatment of H. pylori to improve human health. © 2022 Uludag Aricilik Dergisi. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of cytotoxic, anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activity of some medicinal Artemisia spp.(2023) Can, Zehra; Demir, Elif Ayazoglu; Akar, Zeynep; Kara, Yakup; Gıdık, BetülThe study aims to investigate the antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds, acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic effects of two different Artemisia spp. (Artemisia dracunculus L. and Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh) cultivated in Türkiye organically, for the first time. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the plants were determined spectrophotometrically while antioxidant activity DPPH•, CUPRAC, and FRAP was determined using the colorimetric method. And also, acetylcholinesterase in vitro enzyme inhibition activity and anti-cancer activity against human melanoma (VMM917, CRL-3232), lung carcinoma (A549, CCL-185), and normal human fibroblast (hGF, PCS-201-018) cells were studied. Total phenolic (225-324 ?g GAE/mL extract) and total flavonoid contents (0.066-0.085 ?g QE/mL extract), antioxidant activity Color Scavenging Concentration 50% (DPPH• (CSC50: 1.371-1.655 mg/mL), CUPRAC (0.246-0.344 ?M CTEAC) and FRAP (462.133-726.661 ?M CTEAC)). A. dracunculus and A. dracunculoides extracts inhibited 40.09 ± 0.65%, and 39.48 ± 3.68% of acetylcholinesterase activity. It was determined that demonstrated the selective effect of A. dracunculus and A. dracunculoides on the cytotoxicity of A549 and hGF cells. According to our results, both tarragon plant species, it may be said that it is not only consumed as food but also used for therapeutic purposes will be beneficial for health.Öğe Determination of cytotoxic, anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activity of some medicinal Artemisia spp.(2023) Can, Zehra; Demir, Elif Ayazoglu; Akar, Zeynep; Kara, Yakup; Gıdık, BetülThe study aims to investigate the antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds, acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic effects of two different Artemisia spp. (Artemisia dracunculus L. and Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh) cultivated in Türkiye organically, for the first time. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the plants were determined spectrophotometrically while antioxidant activity DPPH•, CUPRAC, and FRAP was determined using the colorimetric method. And also, acetylcholinesterase in vitro enzyme inhibition activity and anti-cancer activity against human melanoma (VMM917, CRL-3232), lung carcinoma (A549, CCL-185), and normal human fibroblast (hGF, PCS-201-018) cells were studied. Total phenolic (225-324 ?g GAE/mL extract) and total flavonoid contents (0.066-0.085 ?g QE/mL extract), antioxidant activity Color Scavenging Concentration 50% (DPPH• (CSC50: 1.371-1.655 mg/mL), CUPRAC (0.246-0.344 ?M CTEAC) and FRAP (462.133-726.661 ?M CTEAC)). A. dracunculus and A. dracunculoides extracts inhibited 40.09 ± 0.65%, and 39.48 ± 3.68% of acetylcholinesterase activity. It was determined that demonstrated the selective effect of A. dracunculus and A. dracunculoides on the cytotoxicity of A549 and hGF cells. According to our results, both tarragon plant species, it may be said that it is not only consumed as food but also used for therapeutic purposes will be beneficial for health.Öğe Determination of phenolic content and bioactive characterization of Anatolian propolis(Springer, 2024) Can, Zehra; Birinci, Ceren; Kara, Yakup; Esertas, Ulku Zeynep Ureyen; Kolayli, SevgiIn this study, propolis referred to as of Turkiye Anatolian propolis was utilized. This work was aim to prepare a 70% ethanolic extract of propolis and subsequently determine certain biochemical parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic and flavonoid composition, inhibitory effects on certain enzymes [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), urease, and alpha-amylase], along with assessments of antiviral activity against Vero cells, lung cancer cells (A549), and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The richness of phenolic content in Anatolian propolis clearly indicates a high inhibitory effect on these enzymes. Additionally, it was observed to exert significant effects on cancer cells and demonstrated effective antiviral activity. It can be contemplated that the Anatolian propolis might serve as a potential source for novel drugs, and the isolation of its compounds could offer opportunities for utilization in traditional medicine.Öğe HPLC analyses of polyphenolic compounds in oak (Querces frainetto) honey from Kırklareli region of Turkey(Miraç OCAK, 2019) Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Kolaylı, SevgiIn this study, phenolic profile and total phenolic contents of oak honeys, a kind of dark honeydew honey, was determined. The methanolic honey extract was enriched by liquid; liquid extraction with diethyl ether and ethyl acetate, and then was analyzed by RP-HPLC-UV with acetonitrile: water mobile phase. Nineteen phenolic standards were used to prepare calibration graphics. Seven phenolic acid (gallic acid, protocatequic acid, p-OH benzoic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid) and twelve flavanoids (catechin, epicatechin, rutin, myerecetin, resveratrol, daidzein, luteolin, t-cinnamic acid, hesperetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, caffeic acid phenlyester (CAPE) were used. Total phenolic contents of the honeys were measured by Folic Ciocalteau's assay. All of the polyphenols except epicatechin, rutin, luteolin and hesperetin were detected in varying amounts of the honey samples. Protocatequic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin and chrysin were the most abundant phenolic compounds. Total phenolic contents of the honey were from 54 to 88 mg GAE/100 g. In summary, oak honey has a high apitherapeutic value with rich polyphenol diversity.Öğe Molecular docking study on acetylcholinesterase and urease enzyme inhibition effects of Amygdalin(2023) Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Güler, Halil İbrahim; Birinci, Ceren; Kolaylı, SevgiThis study investigated that the acetylcholinesterase, urease enzyme inhibition and these enzymes molecular docking as well as antioxidant activity of commercially available amygdalin. While Amygdalin displayed effect anti-urease activity compared to acetohydroxamic acid but, anti-acetylcholine esterase activity a little ineffective compared to donepezil. The molecular docking was performed in order to check binding interactions between the amygdalin and the enzymes. DPPH and FRAP assays were preferred to determine the antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity (3.39±0.33 µmol Fe2SO47H2O /g, SC50 18.74±0.72 mg/mL using the FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively. Amygdalin's in vitro and in vivo studies are needed for demonstrated that is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various diseases.Öğe Molecular docking study on acetylcholinesterase and urease enzyme inhibition effects of Amygdalin(2023) Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Güler, Halil Ibrahim; Birinci, Ceren; Kolaylı, SevgiThis study investigated that the acetylcholinesterase, urease enzyme inhibition and these enzymes molecular docking as well as antioxidant activity of commercially available amygdalin. While Amygdalin displayed effect anti-urease activity compared to acetohydroxamic acid but, anti-acetylcholine esterase activity a little ineffective compared to donepezil. The molecular docking was performed in order to check binding interactions between the amygdalin and the enzymes. DPPH and FRAP assays were preferred to determine the antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity (3.39±0.33 µmol Fe2SO47H2O /g, SC50 18.74±0.72 mg/mL using the FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively. Amygdalin's in vitro and in vivo studies are needed for demonstrated that is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various diseases.Öğe Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Ethanol Extracts of Propolis Samples Using Artificial Neural Network and Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm(Sciendo, 2021) Gurgen, Aysenur; Serencam, Huseyin; Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Yildiz, SibelIn this study, the optimum values of propolis ethanol extracts parameters were determined with the use of single and multi-objective optimization procedures. The euclidean distance approach was used in the multi-objective optimization process. Firstly, propolis was extracted using water with ethanol contents 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% for 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Then, total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities of all extracts were determined. With the obtained data a prediction model was produced with the use of artificial neural networks (ANN), and optimization was performed using a moth-flame (MFO) algorithm. The best prediction models for the TPC and FRAP were observed in 2-5-1 and 2-5-1 network architecture with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values, 5.126 and 2.451%, respectively. For maximum TPC, the extraction parameters were determined as ethanol content 57.5% and extraction time 13.56 h. To maximize FRAP, the optimized extraction parameters were ethanol content 72.03% and extraction time 18.04 h. The optimum extraction conditions for both maximum values of the studied assays were ethanol content 70.03% and extraction time 16.93 h. The study concluded that the integrated ANN and MFO algorithm system can be used in single and multi-objective optimization of extraction parameters. The established optimization model can save time, money, labor and energy.Öğe Optimization of Phenolic Compound Extraction from Bee Products via Solvent Systems and PCA Integration(Springer, 2025) Birinci, Ceren; Kara, Yakup; Gidik, Betuel; Kolayli, Sevgi; Can, ZehraTo achieve a highly selective and sensitive analysis of phenolic compounds in bee products (honey, bee bread, and propolis), a simultaneous quantification of 25 phenolic compounds was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector. In the study, various solvents were utilized to enhance the phenolic profile of bee products, including pH 2 and 7 ultra-pure water, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. These included non-liquid-liquid extraction, pH 2 with 10 mL of pure water and 20 mL of diethyl ether; pH 2 with 10 mL of pure water and 20 mL of ethyl acetate; pH 2 with 10 mL of pure water, 10 mL of diethyl ether, and 10 mL of ethyl acetate; and pH 7 with 10 mL of pure water, 10 mL of diethyl ether, and 10 mL of ethyl acetate. Additionally, the integration of phenolic compounds identified through the enrichment method was pursued using principal component analysis (PCA). The extraction yields and recovery rates of phenolic compounds can be significantly improved by combining and integrating different extraction techniques. Our results demonstrated that using different solvent combinations significantly improved both the yield and diversity of phenolic compounds extracted from the complex matrices of bee products.Öğe Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of anzer honey from black sea region of Turkey(Bursa Uludag University, 2019) Malkoç, Meltem; Çakir, Hilal; Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Kolayli, SevgiAnzer honey is produced on the Anzer plateau, known for its rich flora, in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. It is well known across the world, and is believed to be of high medical value. This study is the first detailed research in which the polyphenolic profiles responsible for the bioactive properties of Anzer honey was determined, melissopalynological analysis was performed, and in which total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and total antioxidant activities were identified. The ferric (III) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrasil (DPPH) free radical scavenging test were used to determine antioxidant activity. The total mean phenolic content of Anzer honey was 26.92 GAE/100 g, and the total flavonoid content was 2.79 mgQE/100g. Anzer honeys' mean FRAP and DPPH values were 110.11 ?moLTrolox/100g and 49,12 mg/mL, respectively. The phenolic acids and flavonoids of Anzer honey were determined using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Of the 19 standard compounds used in the analysis, pinocembrin, hesperidin, chrysin, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), p-OH benzoic acid, and caffeic acid as major compounds, while myricetin, luteolin, rutin, resveratrol, epicatechin, t-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid were identified as minor compounds. Daidzein and syringic acid were not detected. Based on these findings, Anzer is a flower honey noteworthy for the rich variety of its polyphenols. Copyright © 2019 Business Lawyer. All rights reserved.
