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Alyssum filiforme Bitkisinin Antimikrobiyal, Antibiyofilm, Antioksidan Aktivitesinin ve Fenolik Profilinin Belirlenmesi
(2023) Orçan, İlayda; Bülbül, Ali Savaş; Kara, Yakup
Öz ? Bakteriler antibiyotiklere ve türevlerine karşı günden güne direnç kazanmaktadır ve bu küresel bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Bitkilerde bulunan sekonder metabolitlerin (fenolik bileşikler, flavonoidler, alkoloidler gibi) antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal gibi çeşitli aktiviteleri sebebiyle bu küresel sorunun önüne geçilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu kapsamda çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmış ve halen de yapılmaktadır. Bitkisel kaynaklardan antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve anti-biyofilm gibi etki gösteren bileşenlerin belirlenmesi ile antibiyotik ve türevlerine karşı oluşan direnç aşılabilir. B vitamini ve magnezyum açısından zengin olan Brassicacea ailesinin bir üyesi de Alyssum filiforme türüdür. Alyssum filiforme bu kapsamda değerlendirilebilecek potansiyele sahip bir endemik türdür. Bu çalışmada; endemik olarak yetişen türün antimikrobiyal, anti-biyofilm, antioksidan ve RP-HPLC-PDA ile fenolik profili belirlendi. Elde edilen ekstre antimikrobiyal aktivite için Minimum İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonu (MIC) ve Minimum Bakterisidal Konsantrasyonu (MBC) yöntemleri uygulandı, antioksidan aktiviteyi belirlemek için ise 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikalini temizleme aktivitesi ve demir indirgeme antioksidan güç (FRAP) metodları kullanıldı. Biyofilm oluşumunu önlemedeki etkinliği gözlemleyebilmek için kristal viyole bağlama yöntemi kullanıldı. Tüm bakterilerde olumlu sonuçlar elde edildi. FRAP ve DPPH sonuçları sırasıyla 13.070 ?mol FeSO4.7H2O/g ve SC50 5.190 mg/ml olarak belirlendi. Elde edilen fenolik analiz sonucunda bitkinin kafeik asit ve krisin yönünden zengin olduğu bulundu. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında Alyssum filiforme türünün sağlık açısından değerli bir tür olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of propolis from Marmara region, Turkey
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Kolayli, Sevgi; cakmak, Ibrahim
This study investigated various properties of raw propolis samples from Marmara region of Turkey. Total phenolic content (TPF), total flavonoid (TFC) values, condensed tannin content (CTC) and phenolic profiles of ethanolic extracts (70%) were analyzed. Antioxidant activities were tested using the Ferric (III) reduction/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging methods. Phenolic profiles of the samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV) method. TPC, TFC and CTC values in the samples ranged from 52.9 to 203.5 mg GAE/g, 13.6 to 43.9 mg QUE/g, and 2.0 and 2.9 mg CTE/g, respectively. Caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), chrysin, pinocembrin, rutin, and t-cinnamic acid were detected as the common phenolic components in all samples. In conclusion, Marmara region propolis is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids with antioxidant properties.
Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of bee breads from different regions of Türkiye by chemometric analysis (PCA and HCA)
(Springer, 2024) Can, Zehra; Gidik, Betul; Kara, Yakup; Kolayli, Sevgi
The objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of bee bread samples obtained from various regions in T & uuml;rkiye The goal was to characterize and classify 15 of bee bread samples based on their geographical origins. This investigation employed chemometric techniques, specifically principal component analysis (PCA) and a hierarchical clustering algorithm (HCA), for the inaugural comprehensive analysis of all data encompassing antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in bee bread. The primary objective was to unveil potential clustering patterns among of bee bread samples based on their geographical origins. According to the results, the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of bee bread samples ranged from 4.393 to 14.917 mg GAE/g dw, while the Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) exhibited variation within the range of 0.681 to 3.504 mg QE/g dw. p-OH benzoic and p-coumaric acids were detected in all samples. Other phenolic compounds were identified in different proportions among the bee bread samples. This study demonstrated the successful application of the PCA chemometric method to assess the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of bee bread samples from various regions of T & uuml;rkiye. The results revealed effective clustering of the bee bread samples based on their geographical origins.
Applicability of Phenolic Profile Analysis Method Developed with RP-HPLC-PDA to some Bee Product
(Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2022) Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Kolayl, Sevgi
In this work, a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) with photo diode array (PDA) at 4 different wavelengths (250, 280, 320 and 360) for the determination of some polyphenols in some bee products (honey, pollen, and propolis) is developed. The analyses were carried out on C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 mu m; GL Sciences), and the gradient program was used with a mobile phase A reservoir with 70% acetonitrile and the B reservoir with 2% acetic acid. The HPLC method was founded that limit of detection was in the range 0.022-0.0908 mu g/mL; the limit of quantification was in the range 0.074-0.3027 mu g/mL, all calibration curves were linear R-2>0.995 within the range, the recovery range was 91.43- 111.37% for 10 ppm and 98.44-101.68% for 40 ppm and relative error levels 0.0330-0.0290 respectively. The developed method was applied to some bee products available on the Turkey market. The study aimed at phenolic profiles of the bee products extracts were revealed by using 25 phenolic standards. The proposed method was optimized, quickly, and simple validated by evaluating the linear range, the limits of detection and quantification, the accuracy, the precious, the repeatability, and recoveries suitable for the phenolic analysis. It is concluded that evaluated and the quantitative determination of the bee products can be made quickly and reliably with the optimized method.
Bee bread from Anatolia: its chemical composition, phenolic and aromatic profiles, and antioxidant properties
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Kolayli, Sevgi; Okumus Yukunc, Gulsah; Kara, Yakup; Demir Kanbur, Esra; Can, Zehra; Ozkok, Asli; Tanugur Samanci, Asli Elif
This study investigated the botanical origin, chemical composition, phenolic and volatile aromatic profiles, and antioxidant activities of 11 bee bread samples from different regions of Anatolia, Turkey. The bee bread samples contained high amounts of proteins (19.61 g/100 g) and lipids (6.43 g/100 g). The bee breads were determined to have a rich mineral content. The antioxidant potential of the bee breads was predicted using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total condensed tannin (TCT) content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The TPC of the bee breads ranged between 2.041 +/- 0.170 and 3.224 +/- 0.006 mg GAE/g, while the TFC ranged from 0.323 +/- 0.004 to 1.903 +/- 0.017 mg QE/g. The FRAP assay showed antioxidant activity ranging from 17.778 +/- 0.207 to 49.752 +/- 0.856 mu mol FeSO4.7H2O/g, and the DPPH values were between 1.054 +/- 0.009 and 4.366 +/- 0.014 SC50 mg/mL. Using 25 standards, RP-HPLC-PDA quantified the composition of the phenolic compounds, attributed to their antioxidant activity. The highest concentrations were detected for t-cinnamic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid. One hundred nineteen volatile aromatic compounds were determined in the bee breads by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The obtained values suggest that bee breads could serve as a potential source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for value-added food supplements and functional foods.
Characterization of the black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) honey from Turkiye
(Elsevier, 2023) Kemal, Mehmet; Esertas, Ulku Zeynep Ureyen; Kanbur, Esra Demir; Kara, Yakup; Ozcelik, Ali Erdem; Can, Zehra; Kolayli, Sevgi
This case report study investigated the botanical, physicochemical, and phenolic compositions, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of varying amounts of black cumin honey (Nigella sativa) from Burdur region of Turkiye. The samples had an average moisture value of 17.23% and a Nigella sativa pollen ratio ranging from 19% to 51%. Electrical conductivity (EC) values ranged from 0.36 to 0.54 mS/cm. The average color values of Hunter (L, a, b) were 43.55 (L*), 32.77 (a*), and 64.52 (b*), respectively. The proline contents were ranged from 875 to 1624 mg/kg. The average F/G ratio and F+G value were 1.43 +/- 0.11 and 68.75 +/- 4.75, respectively. The average of total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents were 36.87 +/- 7.00 mg GAE/100 g and 5.63 +/- 1.45 mg QUE/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the samples were tested using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, with mean values of 179.40 +/- 25.35 mu mol FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O/100 g and 46.07 +/- 12.87 mg/mL, respectively. The phenolic composition of the samples were tested using the HPLC-PDA method with 25 phenolic standards. Gallic acid, p-OH benzoic acid, t-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, chrysin, and pinocembrin were determined as common components. The samples exhibited high antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter haemolyticus, but did not affect Candida albicans, Candida parapilopsis, or Mycobacterium smegmatis.
DETERMINATION OF ANTI-UREASE ACTIVITY OF PROPOLIS FROM MARMARA REGION OF TURKEY
(Bursa Uludag University, 2022) Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Kolayli, Sevgi; Çakmak, Ibrahim
Propolis is a natural product collected by honeybees from plants especially flowers and buds by mixing with wax and resin and used for many purposes in hive. It is known that propolis has been used in the treatment of various diseases in traditional medicine for many years and has biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory. There is increasing interest in alternative approaches to inhibit Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and thereby treat many gastric diseases. This study investigated various properties of raw propolis samples from the Marmara region of Turkey. Anti-urease activity was investigated in propolis samples. The anti-urease activity of IC50 values ranged from 1.110 to 5.870 mg/mL. As a result, it can be said that propolis extract is a good inhibitor that can be used in the treatment of H. pylori to improve human health. © 2022 Uludag Aricilik Dergisi. All rights reserved.
Determination of cytotoxic, anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activity of some medicinal Artemisia spp.
(2023) Can, Zehra; Demir, Elif Ayazoglu; Akar, Zeynep; Kara, Yakup; Gıdık, Betül
The study aims to investigate the antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds, acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic effects of two different Artemisia spp. (Artemisia dracunculus L. and Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh) cultivated in Türkiye organically, for the first time. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the plants were determined spectrophotometrically while antioxidant activity DPPH•, CUPRAC, and FRAP was determined using the colorimetric method. And also, acetylcholinesterase in vitro enzyme inhibition activity and anti-cancer activity against human melanoma (VMM917, CRL-3232), lung carcinoma (A549, CCL-185), and normal human fibroblast (hGF, PCS-201-018) cells were studied. Total phenolic (225-324 ?g GAE/mL extract) and total flavonoid contents (0.066-0.085 ?g QE/mL extract), antioxidant activity Color Scavenging Concentration 50% (DPPH• (CSC50: 1.371-1.655 mg/mL), CUPRAC (0.246-0.344 ?M CTEAC) and FRAP (462.133-726.661 ?M CTEAC)). A. dracunculus and A. dracunculoides extracts inhibited 40.09 ± 0.65%, and 39.48 ± 3.68% of acetylcholinesterase activity. It was determined that demonstrated the selective effect of A. dracunculus and A. dracunculoides on the cytotoxicity of A549 and hGF cells. According to our results, both tarragon plant species, it may be said that it is not only consumed as food but also used for therapeutic purposes will be beneficial for health.
Determination of phenolic content and bioactive characterization of Anatolian propolis
(Springer, 2024) Can, Zehra; Birinci, Ceren; Kara, Yakup; Esertas, Ulku Zeynep Ureyen; Kolayli, Sevgi
In this study, propolis referred to as of Turkiye Anatolian propolis was utilized. This work was aim to prepare a 70% ethanolic extract of propolis and subsequently determine certain biochemical parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic and flavonoid composition, inhibitory effects on certain enzymes [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), urease, and alpha-amylase], along with assessments of antiviral activity against Vero cells, lung cancer cells (A549), and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The richness of phenolic content in Anatolian propolis clearly indicates a high inhibitory effect on these enzymes. Additionally, it was observed to exert significant effects on cancer cells and demonstrated effective antiviral activity. It can be contemplated that the Anatolian propolis might serve as a potential source for novel drugs, and the isolation of its compounds could offer opportunities for utilization in traditional medicine.
Molecular docking study on acetylcholinesterase and urease enzyme inhibition effects of Amygdalin
(2023) Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Güler, Halil İbrahim; Birinci, Ceren; Kolaylı, Sevgi
This study investigated that the acetylcholinesterase, urease enzyme inhibition and these enzymes molecular docking as well as antioxidant activity of commercially available amygdalin. While Amygdalin displayed effect anti-urease activity compared to acetohydroxamic acid but, anti-acetylcholine esterase activity a little ineffective compared to donepezil. The molecular docking was performed in order to check binding interactions between the amygdalin and the enzymes. DPPH and FRAP assays were preferred to determine the antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity (3.39±0.33 µmol Fe2SO47H2O /g, SC50 18.74±0.72 mg/mL using the FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively. Amygdalin's in vitro and in vivo studies are needed for demonstrated that is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various diseases.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Ethanol Extracts of Propolis Samples Using Artificial Neural Network and Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm
(Sciendo, 2021) Gurgen, Aysenur; Serencam, Huseyin; Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Yildiz, Sibel
In this study, the optimum values of propolis ethanol extracts parameters were determined with the use of single and multi-objective optimization procedures. The euclidean distance approach was used in the multi-objective optimization process. Firstly, propolis was extracted using water with ethanol contents 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% for 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Then, total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities of all extracts were determined. With the obtained data a prediction model was produced with the use of artificial neural networks (ANN), and optimization was performed using a moth-flame (MFO) algorithm. The best prediction models for the TPC and FRAP were observed in 2-5-1 and 2-5-1 network architecture with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values, 5.126 and 2.451%, respectively. For maximum TPC, the extraction parameters were determined as ethanol content 57.5% and extraction time 13.56 h. To maximize FRAP, the optimized extraction parameters were ethanol content 72.03% and extraction time 18.04 h. The optimum extraction conditions for both maximum values of the studied assays were ethanol content 70.03% and extraction time 16.93 h. The study concluded that the integrated ANN and MFO algorithm system can be used in single and multi-objective optimization of extraction parameters. The established optimization model can save time, money, labor and energy.
Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of anzer honey from black sea region of Turkey
(Bursa Uludag University, 2019) Malkoç, Meltem; Çakir, Hilal; Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Kolayli, Sevgi
Anzer honey is produced on the Anzer plateau, known for its rich flora, in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. It is well known across the world, and is believed to be of high medical value. This study is the first detailed research in which the polyphenolic profiles responsible for the bioactive properties of Anzer honey was determined, melissopalynological analysis was performed, and in which total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and total antioxidant activities were identified. The ferric (III) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrasil (DPPH) free radical scavenging test were used to determine antioxidant activity. The total mean phenolic content of Anzer honey was 26.92 GAE/100 g, and the total flavonoid content was 2.79 mgQE/100g. Anzer honeys' mean FRAP and DPPH values were 110.11 ?moLTrolox/100g and 49,12 mg/mL, respectively. The phenolic acids and flavonoids of Anzer honey were determined using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Of the 19 standard compounds used in the analysis, pinocembrin, hesperidin, chrysin, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), p-OH benzoic acid, and caffeic acid as major compounds, while myricetin, luteolin, rutin, resveratrol, epicatechin, t-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid were identified as minor compounds. Daidzein and syringic acid were not detected. Based on these findings, Anzer is a flower honey noteworthy for the rich variety of its polyphenols. Copyright © 2019 Business Lawyer. All rights reserved.
Physicochemical Characteristics, Phenolic Components, and Antioxidant Capacities of Lavender Honey (Lavandula Spp.) from Isparta Region of Turkiye
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Kolayli, Sevgi; Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Ozkok, Asli; Ergin, Sema Ozmert; Kemal, Mehmet; Kanbur, Esra Demir
Lavender honey is one of the most desirable blossom honeys for its unique taste and aromatic qualities and can vary significantly from one region to another. In this study, melissopalynological, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of lavender honey from the Isparta region of T & uuml;rkiye were investigated. The ration of the Lavandula spp. pollen were identified ranging from 9 % to 76 % in the thirteen samples. The average pH, conductivity, moisture, Hunter Lab* and proline values were 3.72, 0.22 mS/cm, 17.17 %, L*: 66.56, a*: 66.32, b*:18.41 and 576.92 mg/kg, respectively. The average F+G and F/G were 67.66 % and 1.02, respectively. The average of total phenolic (TP) and flavonoid (TF) substance were found to be 39.40 mg GAE/100 g and 3.23 mg QUE/100 g, respectively. The average total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity values were found to be 178.28 mu mol FeSO4 & sdot; 7H(2)O/100 g and 53.09 mg/mL, respectively. In the phenolic component analysis performed with HPLC-PDA, p-OH-benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, chrysin and pinocembrin were detected as common polyphenols in the samples. Conclusively, despite considerable variability in their monofloral characteristics, no significant differences were observed in the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of lavender honeys.
A Study on Recognizing the Value of Chestnut (Castanea sativa) Blossom Waste
(Ankara Univ, Fac Agriculture, 2024) Sahin, Huseyin; Kolayli, Sevgi; Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Guler, Halil Ibrahim; Ozkok, Asli; Serdar, Umit
Chestnut (Castanea sativa) blossoms are natural resources that are not put to economic use. They are completely mixed with soil as waste. Thus, this extensive study was designed and remarkable results were found showing the potential usefulness of chestnut blossoms. In addition to the phenolic capacity and antioxidant capacity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried chestnut flowers, the anti-urease activity of these extracts was studied to demonstrate their therapeutic value. The binding interaction of phenolic substances present in chestnut blossom with urease was shown using molecular docking research. The aqueous extract, with most effect, had total phenolic content of 46.67 +/- 0.37 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content of 6.14 +/- 0.40 mg QUE/g. The antioxidant activity was determined by FRAP (648.47 +/- 5.27 mu mol FeSO4.7H2O/g for aqueous extract and 347.53 +/- 2.09 mu mol FeSO4.7H2O/g for ethanolic extract) and DPPH (0.05 +/- 0.01 mg/mL for SC50 of aqueous extract and 0.11 +/- 0.01 mg/mL for SC50 of ethanolic extract) assays, and rutin was found to be the dominant phenolic compound according to HPLC. IC50 values for urease in aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 2.55 +/- 0.09 mg/mL and 4.57 +/- 0.24 mg/mL, respectively. According to the docking experiments, which were important to support the hypothesis of anti-urease activity, myricetin and luteolin showed different and effective bonding degrees to the target protein when compared with the reference molecule acetohydroxamic acid. In summary, chestnut flowers are rich in phenolic compounds which are responsible for a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant features and urease inhibition. These blossoms could be evaluated as potentially important raw materials for food.
Synthesis of Arylsulfonyl Hydrazone Derivatives: Antioxidant Activity, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Properties, and Molecular Docking Study
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Demirci, Yasin; Kalay, Erbay; Kara, Yakup; Guler, Halil Ibrahim; Can, Zehra; Sahin, Engin
In this current paper, fifteen novel sulfonyl hydrazone derivatives have been successfully synthesized and evaluated for antioxidant activity as well as their effects on inhibitory activity toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE). By using H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, FT-IR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry methods, the full characterization data of the novel compounds were obtained. The synthesized compounds capacity to inhibition glucosidase and exhibit antioxidant activity were tested in vitro. It was determined that compounds (E)-4-((2-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)hydrazone)methyl)-2-methoxyphenylfuran-2-carboxylate (21), (E)-2-methoxy-4-((2-(phenylsulfonyl)hydrazone)methyl)phenylfuran-2-carboxylate (17) and (E)-4-((2-((4-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)hydrazone)methyl)-2-methoxyphenylfuran-2-carboxylate (25) showed good antioxidant activity. Upon examining the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, it was determined that compounds (E)-2-methoxy-4-((2-((4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl) hydrazone)methyl)phenylacetate (27) (10.39 & mu;M), (E)-4-((2-((4-chloro phenyl)sulfonyl) hydrazone)methyl)-2-methoxyphenylfuran-2-carboxylate (21) (10.81 & mu;M), (E)-4-((2-((4-chloro phenyl)sulfonyl)hydrazone)methyl)-2-methoxyphenyl thiophene-2-carboxylate (22) (12.92 & mu;M) and (E)-2-methoxy-4-((2-(phenylsulfonyl)hydrazone)methyl)phenylfuran-2-carboxylate (17) (12.93 & mu;M) showed potent inhibitory effects. Molecular docking simulations were used to investigate the interactions of novel sulfonyl hydrazone derivatives with human acetylcholinesterase protein. The ligands exhibited strong binding to the receptor protein with potent inhibition.
Targeting CoV-2 spike RBD and ACE-2 interaction with flavonoids of Anatolian propolis by in silico and in vitro studies in terms of possible COVID-19 therapeutics
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2021) Guler, Halil Ibrahim; Sal, Fulya A. Y.; Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Yildiz, Oktay; Belduz, Ali Osman; Canakci, Sabriye
Propolis is a multi-functional bee product rich in polyphenols. In this study, the inhibitory effect of Anatolian propolis against SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was investigated in vitro and in silico. Raw and commercial propolis samples were used, and both samples were found to be rich in caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, t-cinnamic acid, hesperetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) at HPLC-UV analysis. Ethanolic propolis extracts (EPE) were used in the ELISA screening test against the spike S1 protein (SARS-CoV-2): ACE-2 interaction for in vitro study. The binding energy values of these polyphenols to the SARS-CoV-2 spike and ACE-2 protein were calculated separately with a molecular docking study using the AutoDock 4.2.6 program. In addition, the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of these eight polyphenols were calculated according to the SwissADME tool. The binding energy value of pinocembrin was highest in both receptors, followed by chrysin, CAPE, and hesperetin. Based on the in silico modeling and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) behaviors of the eight polyphenols, the compounds exhibited the potential ability to act effectively as novel drugs. The findings of both studies showed that propolis has a high inhibitory potential against the Covid-19 virus. However, further studies are now needed.
Ultrasonic extraction conditions using response surface methodology: total phenolic content of bee pollen
(2023) Gürgen, Ayşenur; Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Şahin, Hüseyin
Bee pollen plays a significant role in bee nutrition, bee population sustainability, pollination processes, and its health and nutritional benefits for humans. It contains protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, offering valuable nutritional properties. The total phenolic content (TPC) is an important parameter in determining the nutritional and health value of pollen. The presence of high levels of phenolic compounds in pollen enhances their health benefits and can provide protective effects against diseases by combating oxidative stress. In the study, ultrasonic extraction conditions for pollen were optimized using the Response Surface Method to maximize TPC. The experimental study was designed according to Box-Behnken design: 30–70% ethanol ratio, 5–15 min of extraction time, and 10–20% ultrasonic amplitude modulation (AM). The TPC of the obtained extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure. The optimal extraction conditions were predicted as 60.012% ethanol ratio, 11.054 min, and 19.160% AM for reaching 9.572 mg/GAE g extract.
What Should Be the Ideal Solvent Percentage and Solvent-Propolis ratio in the Preparation of Ethanolic Propolis Extract?
(Springer, 2022) Kara, Yakup; Can, Zehra; Kolayli, Sevgi
The biological activity of propolis is mostly due to its polyphenols. Raw propolis is consumed after being extracted in various solvents, ethanol being the most commonly used. However, the ideal percentage and ratio of ethanol for use in the preparation of propolis extracts are uncertain. The aim of this study is to compare the phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of propolis extracts extracted with different ethanol concentrations and extraction conditions. Two different extraction methods were used, normal and ultrasonic extraction. The propolis extracts were evaluated in terms of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, ferric reducing/antioxidant power,1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and phenolic compositions using RP-HPLC-PDA. The propolis extracts with the highest activity were determined beforehand by preparing ethanol-water mixtures at different percentages, ranging from 0 to 99.9%. The most suitable propolis-to-solvent ratio was then determined. The optimum ethanolic percentage varied between 60 and 70%, the ultrasonic extraction process increased the efficiency, and the ideal solvent-propolis ratio (w/v) ranged between 1:5 and 1:10.

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