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    Sport Participation and Happiness Among Veteran Footballers: The Mediating Role of Social Capital
    (MDPI, 2026) Adatepe, Eda; Kul, Murat; Ozkan, Ali; Kirkbir, Fatih; Oz, Umit; Unlu, Yilmaz; Boz, Emre
    Aim: As the global population is aging rapidly, promoting physical activity in later life is increasingly seen as a good strategy to enhance and sustain the social and psychological well-being of older adults from a positive aging perspective. This study explored how social capital influences the relationship between playing football and happiness in veteran footballers. Specifically, it aimed to understand if social capital acts as a mediator between these two factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on a convenience sample of 423 veteran footballers aged from 38 to 59 years who completed a survey at 35th Sakarya Veterans Football Tournament in Sakarya in north-west Turkey. Football participation was assessed using the Serious Leisure Inventory. Social capital was assessed in both cognitive and structural aspects. A single-item scale assessed general happiness. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficients and were calculated using SPSS (version 24) to assess the direction and strength of the links between the investigated variables. Path coefficients were calculated through regression analyses. For testing mediation effects, the study utilized Hayes' bootstrapping method, executed with the Version 4.2 Beta of the PROCESS macro. Results: According to the research findings, the direct effect of football participation on happiness was determined to be 0.43 (p < 0.01). While community involvement played a significant mediating role with a coefficient of 0.11 (95% CI [0.05, 0.15]), the social trust and neighborhood dimensions of social capital did not yield statistically significant effects. Collectively, the model explains 24% of the variance in happiness (R-2 = 0.24), with a total effect of football participation calculated at 0.57 (p = 0.000). Conclusions: it is believed that social environments that include participation in sport can contribute to successful and comfortable aging by greatly enhancing the overall well-being and happiness of older athletes/adults.
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    Validity and Reliability of a Novel AI-Based System in Athletic Performance Assessment: The Case of DeepSport
    (Mdpi, 2025) Aydemir, Burakhan; Aydogan, Muhammed Talha; Boz, Emre; Kul, Murat; Kirkbir, Fatih; Ozkara, Abdullah Bora
    This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the AI-based DeepSport application by comparing its outcomes with those from the reference device, OptoJump. The primary dependent variables measured were jump height and anaerobic power during vertical jump assessments. Twelve elite male basketball players voluntarily participated in the study (age = 21.53 +/- 1.14 years; sports experience = 6.47 +/- 1.01 years). DeepSport uses AI-based image processing from standard cameras, while OptoJump uses optical sensor technology. Both DeepSport and OptoJump systems were utilized to assess participants' Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Squat Jump (SJ) performances. A G*Power (version 3.1.9.7) analysis determined the required sample size, adopting a 95% confidence level, 90% test power, and an effect size of 0.25. Validity assessments were conducted using Bland-Altman plots and ordinary least products (OLP) regression analysis, while reliability was evaluated through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable change (SDC) analyses. DeepSport showed excellent reliability in CMJ and SJ tests with ICC values > 0.90, and CV ranged between 2.12% and 4.95%. Results were consistent with OptoJump, showing no significant differences according to t-test results (p > 0.05). Bland-Altman analyses indicated no systematic bias and random distribution. These findings confirm that both DeepSport and OptoJump devices demonstrate high reliability and consistency, suggesting their validity and reliability for use in athlete performance assessments by coaches and athletes.