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    Modulation of stress and neuroplasticity biomarkers via rhythmic vocalization: a controlled study on NDNF, cortisol, and monoamines
    (BMC, 2026) Okur, Suheyb; Bayraktar, Bulent
    Background The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of reciting the Quran (from Mushaf) on serotonin, dopamine, NDNF, and cortisol levels in relation to mental well-being. Methods This study was conducted on a sample of university students who know how to read the Quran in T & uuml;rkiye, selected by a non-probability method, with a pre-test-post-test control group and a longitudinal design; the assignment to the groups was also done randomly. The research was carried out with 72 university students (36 female, 36 male), aged 19-30, who know how to read the Quran and do not have any health problems. Two groups were formed: a 36-person experimental group and a 36-person passive resting control group. The Mental Well-Being Scale and a personal information form were used to evaluate the participants' well-being status. Salivary serotonin, dopamine, NDNF, and cortisol levels were examined using the ELISA technique in samples taken before and after the experimental group recited verses 195-200 of Surah Al-i Imran aloud. Number, percentage, mean, Pearson correlation, and ANOVA tests were used to evaluate the data. Statistical significance was accepted as p < .05 for all analyses. Results A significant group-time interaction was found (p < .05). Compared to the passive resting control group, the experimental group showed statistically significant increases in salivary serotonin, dopamine, and NDNF levels, and a significant decrease in cortisol levels. However, a critical dissociation was observed: despite this neuroprotective biomarker profile, the control group reported statistically significantly higher post-intervention mental well-being scores than the experimental group (p < .05). This suggests that the acute cognitive load and performance anxiety associated with the recitation task may temporarily mask physiological benefits in self-reports. Conclusions A brief (5-minute) 'Tartil' recitation of the Quran demonstrates immediate, positive neurobiological effects by reducing stress hormones (cortisol) and increasing reward- and neuroplasticity-related biomarkers (dopamine, serotonin, NDNF). However, this did not immediately translate to higher self-reported well-being, suggesting the relationship between the neurobiology of recitation and its perceived psychological effects is complex and potentially confounded by factors such as performance anxiety or cognitive load in an experimental setting. Clinical trial number Not applicable.
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    Neurobiological and psychological effects of reciting the Quran from the Mushaf
    (Springernature, 2026) Okur, Suheyb; Bayraktar, Bulent
    Background This study aims to examine the acute neurobiological effects of reciting the Quran from the Mushaf on salivary BDNF, Apelin, and Cortisol levels and their relationship with emotional state. Methods The study employed a randomized pre-test post-test control group design conducted in T & uuml;rkiye. The sample consisted of 100 healthy theology students (50 females, 50 males) aged 18-25, proficient in reciting the Quran in accordance with Tajweed rules. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (reciting the first nine verses of Surah Al-Imran, n = 50) or the control group (standardized passive resting, n = 50). Salivary BDNF, apelin, and cortisol levels were measured using the ELISA technique before and after the intervention. Emotional states were assessed using the Mood Scale and the Psychological Well-being Scale. Results The experimental group exhibited a statistically significant increase in mean salivary BDNF and apelin levels and a significant decrease in cortisol levels following recitation compared to the passive control group (p < 0.05). In terms of gender, no statistically significant differences were observed in biomarker responses (p > .05). Correlation analysis revealed a significant "biological reciprocity," where cortisol showed a negative correlation with apelin (r = -0.436, p < 0.001) and BDNF, while correlating positively with negative emotions. Conclusions Reciting the Quran aloud acts as a rapid psychophysiological intervention that downregulates the HPA axis (reduced cortisol) and upregulates neurotrophic factors (increased BDNF and apelin). These findings suggest that structured recitation functions as a restorative neuroplasticity practice, promoting biological stress resilience associated with psychological well-being. Highlights center dot Structured Quran recitation induced acute increases in salivary BDNF and apelin levels. center dot A significant downregulation of the HPA axis (reduced cortisol) was observed in the experimental group. center dot A "biological reciprocity" was identified between stress hormones (cortisol) and neurotrophic factors. center dot Neuroendocrine responses showed significant correlations with subjective mood and psychological well-being scores.
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    The Relationship Between Metacognitive Beliefs and Salivary Cortisol, BDNF, and NDNF Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study
    (Wiley, 2025) Okur, Suheyb; Bayraktar, Bulent; Kose, Fatma Tosun
    Purpose The main objective of this study is to non-invasively investigate the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and cortisol, the primary stress output of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as well as neurotrophic factors associated with neuroplasticity brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF and NDNF). Within this framework, the hypotheses that negative metacognitions would be associated with increased cortisol and decreased BDNF levels, and that cortisol might play a mediating role in this relationship, were tested.Method The study was designed in a cross-sectional model with 60 university students. Participants' metacognitive beliefs were measured using the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30). Salivary cortisol, BDNF, and NDNF levels were analyzed using the ELISA method. Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used for data analysis.Finding The results showed a significant positive relationship between the total metacognition score and cortisol (r = 0.589, p < 0.01) and a strong negative relationship between cortisol and BDNF (r = -0.662, p < 0.01). Hierarchical regression analysis supported a partial mediation model, indicating that dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs have both a significant direct negative association with BDNF and an indirect association mediated by cortisol. In the final model, both metacognition (beta = -0.298, p < 0.05) and cortisol (beta = -0.281, p < 0.05) were significant factors associated with lower BDNF levels. NDNF showed a positive relationship with BDNF (r = 0.571) but not with other variables.Conclusion These findings point to a psychobiological model where dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs are linked to suppressed neuroprotective mechanisms like BDNF, both directly and indirectly through HPA axis activation. The results shed light on the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of metacognitive therapies.