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    Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Norouzi, Mahdi; Cabuk, Refik; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; As, Hakan; Ozkaya, Ozgur
    Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake (<(V)over dot> O-2max) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both <(V)over dot> O-2max and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The <(V)over dot> O-2max, corresponding power output (POVO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the <(V)over dot> O-2max (IHIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4-6 x 3-min at 95% of POVO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16-18 x 1-min at 105% of POVO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4-7 x 1-2-min at the IHIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at <(V)over dot> O-2max was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 +/- 127 and 208 +/- 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (similar to 26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (similar to 16 mmol.L- 1) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol.L-1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at IHIGH was successful to provide time spent at <(V)over dot> O-2max with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session.
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    Grey Zone: A Gap Between Heavy and Severe Exercise Domain
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2022) Ozkaya, Ozgur; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; As, Hakan; Cabuk, Refik; Norouzi, Mahdi
    Ozkaya, O, Balci, GA, As, H, Cabuk, R, and Norouzi, M. Grey zone: A gap between heavy and severe exercise domain. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 113-120, 2022-The aim of this study was to determine a critical threshold (CT) interpreted as the highest exercise intensity where V?o(2) can be stabilized before reaching 95% of V?o(2)max (V?o(2)peak) and compare it with commonly used anaerobic threshold indices. Ten well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study. Ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined from incremental tests. Multisession constant-load trials were performed to reveal V?o(2)max. Mathematically modeled critical power (CP) was estimated through the best individual fit parameter method. Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) was detected by 30-minute constant-load exercises. The individual CT load of each cyclist was tested by constant-load exercises to exhaustion with +15 W intervals until minimal power output to elicit V?o(2)peak. The results showed that work rate corresponding to CT (329.5 +/- 41.5 W) was significantly greater than that of the MLSS (269.5 +/- 38.5 W; p = 0.000), VT (279.6 +/- 33 W; p = 0.000), and CP (306.3 +/- 39.4 W; p = 0.000), and CP overestimated both VT and MLSS (p = 0.000). There was no significant V?o(2) difference between the 10th and 30th minute of MLSS and MLSS + 15 W exercise (0.36-0.13 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1); p = 0.621). Exercising V?o(2) response of MLSS + 15 W could not exceed the level of 95% V?o(2)max (57.02 +/- 3.87 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1) and 87.2 +/- 3.1% of V?o(2)max; p = 0.000), whereas V?o(2) responses greater than 95% of V?o(2)max were always attained during exercises performed at CT + 15 W (64.52 +/- 4.37 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1) and 98.6 +/- 1% of V?o(2)max; p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study indicates that there is a grey zone between heavy and severe exercise domain. This information may play a key role in enhancing athletic performance by improving the quality of training programs.