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    Evaluation of photon interaction parameters of Anti-HIV drugs
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Akbaba, Ugur; Sakar, Erdem; Sayyed, M. I.; Alim, Bunyamin; Ozpolat, Ozgur Firat
    Medical treatment inevitably exposes individuals to radiation, including those taking drugs used to treat and prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Motivated by this, we investigated the radiation interaction properties of several HIV drugs to determine the interaction parameters, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), atomic cross section (ACS), electronic cross section (ECS), effective atomic numbers (Z(eff)), and effective electron density (N-eff). We calculated the values using the Phy-X/PSD software in the range of 0.015-15 MeV. Additionally, we calculated the exposure build-up factor (EBF), and energy absorption build-up factor (EABF) values of the drugs up to 40 mean free path (MFP) using the geometric progression (G-P) method. From our findings, we determined that Combivir, with its relatively high heavy element content, had the highest radiation attenuation capacity, whereas the probability of Lopinavir interacting with photons was the lowest compared with the other drugs. The results of the EBF and EABF parameters, including the scattering effects, ordered the drugs opposite to the primary interaction parameters such as MAC, ACS, ECS, and Z(eff). These findings can guide the treatment process of HIV-positive patients and inform HIV prevention practices conducted alongside radiotherapy, as the interaction between radiation and a drug may cause deterioration in the drug's structure.
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    Phy-X / PSD: Development of a user friendly online software for calculation of parameters relevant to radiation shielding and dosimetry
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Sakar, Erdem; Ozpolat, Ozgur Firat; Alim, Bunyamin; Sayyed, M. I.; Kurudirek, Murat
    A user friendly online Photon Shielding and Dosimetry (PSD) software available at https://phy-x.net/PSD has been developed for calculation of parameters relevant to shielding and dosimetry. These parameters include linear and mass attenuation coefficients (LAC, MAC), half and tenth value layers (HVL, TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number and electron density (Z(eff), N-eff), effective conductivity (C-eff) energy absorption and exposure buildup factors (EABF, EBF). The software can generate data on shielding parameters in the continuous energy region (1 keV-100 GeV). Also, some well-known radioactive sources ( Na-22, Fe-55, Co-60, Cd-109, I-131, Ba-133, Cs-137, Eu-152 and Am-241) along with their energies and some characteristic (K-shell) X-ray energies of Cu, Rb, Mo, Ag, Ba and Tb elements are available in the software and can be selected by the user. Thus, one can obtain the shielding parameters at photon energies available for the predefined energies. Moreover, another parameter relevant to shielding i.e. the fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS) can be calculated for a compound or a mixture using this software. The software is freely available online after having registered to the Phy-X platform.
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    Precipitation-hardening stainless steels: Potential use radiation shielding materials
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Alim, Bunyamin; Ozpolat, Ozgur Firat; Sakar, Erdem; Han, Ibrahim; Arslan, Ibrahim; Singh, V. P.; Demir, Lutfu
    In this study, it was focused on the research of new materials with high attenuation efficiency that can be used as radiation shielding material due to the incapability of conventional materials. In accordance with this purpose, the radiation shielding capabilities of four different precipitation-hardening stainless steels (PH-SSs), which are symbolized 15-5PH, 15-7PH, 17-4PH and 17-7PH, were determined both experimentally and theoretically in a wide range of radiation energy. For experimental measurements, two different detectors (Si(Li) and Na(Tl)) and twenty-three different photon energies (from 22.1 to 1332.5 keV) emitted from seven different radionuclides were used in narrow-beam transmission geometry. Phy-X/PSD software were used for theoretical calculations. The theoretically calculated parameters were determined both in the photon energies emitted by the radionuclides used in the experiment and in the continuous energy range of 0.015-15 MeV. Furthermore, in order to make a remarkable assessment of the integration of PH-SSs to nuclear energy applications, the all results obtained have been compared with the corresponding values of Fe-based steel concretes (steel-scrap (SS) and steel magnetite (SM)), which are widely used as conventional shield materials in nuclear power plants. Moreover, in order to choose the best material to be used in nuclear applications among the PH-SSs, the results were evaluated comparatively in terms of both the characteristics of the materials and the magnitude of the radiation shielding parameters. Consequently, it was concluded that the material with the best radiation shielding performance among the examined PH-SSs was 15-7PH and the radiation shielding performance ranking was generally in the form of 15-7PH >= 15-5PH > 17-4PH > 17-7PH > SM > SS. Due to both high attenuation efficiency and superior properties for radiation shielding, it was determined that the PH-SSs can be used as new shielding materials in nuclear applications.
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    A surveying of photon and particle radiation interaction characteristics of some perovskite materials
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Sakar, Erdem; Alim, Bunyamin; Ozpolat, Ozgur Firat; Sakar, Betul Ceviz; Baltakesmez, Ali; Akbaba, Ugur
    In this study, we aimed to determinate of the photon and particle radiation interaction parameters of six different perovskites to help use perovskite materials in radiation applications. The parameters that are aimed to be investigated are MAC, HVL, MFP, Z(eff), N-eff, C-eff and EBF for photons, range values for charged particles, and FNRCS values for neutrons. The photon-interaction parameters the FNRCS values of the perovskites were calculated using Phy-X/PSD software in the energy range of 1 keV-100 GeV for photons and at 4.5 MeV energy for neutrons, respectively. Moreover, the range values of the perovskites were calculated using SRIM Monte Carlo software (for H+ and He++ particles) and ESTAR NIST software (for electrons) in the energy range from 0.01 MeV to 20 MeV. In order to make a notable assessment about the radiation interaction possibilities of the perovskites, the results obtained were compared with some standard shielding materials. According to the results obtained for all radiation types examined, it was determined that all calculated parameters were strongly dependent on both the type and energy of the radiation and the type of material. Additionally, it was observed that the order of preference of the examined materials as armor material in radiation applications varies according to the radiation type and energy. Consequently, it was determined that while the most suitable material in terms of photon shielding is P6 (Cs2SnI6) inorganic perovskite among the perovskites examined, this sample is not suitable material for neutron shielding applications.