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    Impact of ultrasonication applications on color profile of foods
    (Elsevier, 2022) Kutlu, Naciye; Pandiselvam, R.; Kamiloglu, Aybike; Saka, Irem; Sruthi, N. U.; Kothakota, Anjineyulu; Socol, Claudia Terezia
    Food color is a feature that provides preliminary information about their preference or consumption. There are dominant pigments that determine the color of each food; the most important pigments are anthocyanins (red-purple color), chlorophylls (green color), carotenoids (yellow-orange color), and betalains (red color). These pigments can be easily affected by temperature, light, oxygen, or pH, thereby altering their properties. Therefore, while processing, it is necessary to prevent the deterioration of these pigments to the maximum possible extent. Ultrasonication, which is one of the emerging non-thermal methods, has multidimensional applications in the food industry. The present review collates information on various aspects of ultrasonication technology, its mechanism of action, influencing factors, and the competence of different ultrasonication applications (drying, irradiation, extraction, pasteurization, cooking, tempering, etc.) in preserving the color of food. It was concluded that ultrasonication treatments provide low-temperature processing at a short time, which positively influences the color properties. However, selecting optimum ultrasonic processing conditions (frequency, power, time, etc.) is crucial for each food to obtain the best color. The key challenges and limitations of the technique and possible future applications are also covered in the paper, serving as a touchstone for further research in this area.
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    Individual and interactive effect of ultrasound pre-treatment on drying kinetics and biochemical qualities of food: A critical review
    (Elsevier, 2023) Pandiselvam, R.; Aydar, Alev Yuksel; Kutlu, Naciye; Aslam, Raouf; Sahni, Prashant; Mitharwal, Swati; Gavahian, Mohsen
    One of the earliest and most prevalent processing methods to increase the shelf-life of foods is drying. In recent years, there has been an increased demand to improve product quality while lowering processing times, ex-penses, and energy usage in the drying process. Pre-treatments are therefore effectively used before drying to enhance heat and mass transfer, increase drying efficiency, and lessen degradation of final product quality. When food is dried, changes are expected in its taste, color, texture, and physical, chemical, and microbial properties. This has led to the need for research and development into the creation of new and effective pre-treatment technologies including high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet irradiation, and ultrasound. Sound waves that have a frequency >20 kHz, which is above the upper limit of the audible frequency range, are referred to as ultrasound. Ultrasonication (US) is a non-thermal technology, that has mechanical, cavitational, and sponge effects on food materials. Ultrasound pre-treatment enhances the drying characteristics by producing microchannels in the food tissue, facilitating internal moisture diffusion in the finished product, and lowering the barrier to water migration. The goal of ultrasound pre-treatment is to save processing time, conserve energy, and enhance the quality, safety, and shelf-life of food products. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of ultrasound, its mechanism, and how the individual effects of ultrasonic pre-treatment and the interactive effects of ultrasound-assisted technologies affect the drying kinetics, bioactive components, color, textural, and sensory qualities of food. The difficulties that can arise when using ultrasound technology as a drying pretreatment approach, such as inadequate management of heat, the employment of ultrasound at a limited frequency, and the generation of free radicals, have also been explained.
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    Ozone and cold plasma: Emerging oxidation technologies for inactivation of enzymes in fruits, vegetables, and fruit juices
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Mayookha, V. P.; Pandiselvam, R.; Kothakota, Anjineyulu; Ishwarya, S. Padma; Khanashyam, Anandu Chandra; Kutlu, Naciye; Rifna, E. J.
    Inactivation of deteriorative enzymes preserves the quality of fruits and vegetables and extends the shelf-life of fruit juices. Ozonation and cold plasma treatment are recent additions to the thermal and non-thermal methods for enzyme inactivation. However, these techniques stand out in their effectiveness and versatility for the treatment of a wide range of fruits and vegetables. This article appraises the mode of action and applications of ozone and cold plasma for the inactivation of enzymes in fruits, vegetables, and fruit juices. Further, a comprehensive discussion is presented on the influential parameters of enzyme inactivation effectiveness of ozonation and cold plasma processing. Besides, the latter sections of this article highlight the challenges that impose hurdles in the commercial applications of these unconventional techniques and the way forward in improving their efficacy and industrial applications.