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    Evaluation of photon interaction parameters of Anti-HIV drugs
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Akbaba, Ugur; Sakar, Erdem; Sayyed, M. I.; Alim, Bunyamin; Ozpolat, Ozgur Firat
    Medical treatment inevitably exposes individuals to radiation, including those taking drugs used to treat and prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Motivated by this, we investigated the radiation interaction properties of several HIV drugs to determine the interaction parameters, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), atomic cross section (ACS), electronic cross section (ECS), effective atomic numbers (Z(eff)), and effective electron density (N-eff). We calculated the values using the Phy-X/PSD software in the range of 0.015-15 MeV. Additionally, we calculated the exposure build-up factor (EBF), and energy absorption build-up factor (EABF) values of the drugs up to 40 mean free path (MFP) using the geometric progression (G-P) method. From our findings, we determined that Combivir, with its relatively high heavy element content, had the highest radiation attenuation capacity, whereas the probability of Lopinavir interacting with photons was the lowest compared with the other drugs. The results of the EBF and EABF parameters, including the scattering effects, ordered the drugs opposite to the primary interaction parameters such as MAC, ACS, ECS, and Z(eff). These findings can guide the treatment process of HIV-positive patients and inform HIV prevention practices conducted alongside radiotherapy, as the interaction between radiation and a drug may cause deterioration in the drug's structure.
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    Phy-X / PSD: Development of a user friendly online software for calculation of parameters relevant to radiation shielding and dosimetry
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Sakar, Erdem; Ozpolat, Ozgur Firat; Alim, Bunyamin; Sayyed, M. I.; Kurudirek, Murat
    A user friendly online Photon Shielding and Dosimetry (PSD) software available at https://phy-x.net/PSD has been developed for calculation of parameters relevant to shielding and dosimetry. These parameters include linear and mass attenuation coefficients (LAC, MAC), half and tenth value layers (HVL, TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number and electron density (Z(eff), N-eff), effective conductivity (C-eff) energy absorption and exposure buildup factors (EABF, EBF). The software can generate data on shielding parameters in the continuous energy region (1 keV-100 GeV). Also, some well-known radioactive sources ( Na-22, Fe-55, Co-60, Cd-109, I-131, Ba-133, Cs-137, Eu-152 and Am-241) along with their energies and some characteristic (K-shell) X-ray energies of Cu, Rb, Mo, Ag, Ba and Tb elements are available in the software and can be selected by the user. Thus, one can obtain the shielding parameters at photon energies available for the predefined energies. Moreover, another parameter relevant to shielding i.e. the fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS) can be calculated for a compound or a mixture using this software. The software is freely available online after having registered to the Phy-X platform.
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    Theoretical and experimental validation gamma shielding properties of B2O3-ZnO-MgO-Bi2O3 glass system
    (Elsevier Science Sa, 2020) Kaky, Kawa M.; Sayyed, M. I.; Khammas, Abbas; Kumar, Ashok; Sakar, Erdem; Abdalsalam, Alyaa H.; Sakar, Betul Ceviz
    In the present work, we fabricated a series of six glasses to be utilized in the field of radiation shielding application. Glasses have been synthesized using a melt-quenching ordinary technique. In this work, we investigated the structural properties of these glasses using Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, optical properties have been studied in the present work. The radiation attenuation ability for the present samples was also investigated and measured using transmission geometry between 81 and 964.1 keV. The mass attenuation coefficient was measured and the results were validated by the WinXcom program. Also, radiation protection efficiency (RPE) was evaluated and discussed in terms of photon energy and Bi2O3 concentration. From RPE curve, we found that the fabricated glasses can be used as effective shielding materials especially for the low energies (81-383 keV). The half value layer also was calculated and the results of this parameter showed that S6 (contains 60 mol% of Bi2O3) has the higher probability of the interaction with gamma photons, leading to less number of photons transmitted this sample and thus better photon attenuator.