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Öğe A comprehensive analysis of the ground motions of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquakes(Techno-Press, 2025) Kiral, Adnan; Tonyali, Zeliha; Ergun, MustafaWith a focus on the dynamic characteristics of the ground motion recorded in Kahramanmara & scedil;, T & uuml;rkiye, this study provides an overview of the historical seismicity of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) as well as the characteristics of the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes (M-w=7.7 and M-w=7.6) that resulted in property loss and casualties on February 6, 2023. Analyzing the ground motion and local site effects for the earthquake region has been the subject of extensive research in the past. Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) are one of the evaluation techniques utilised in the literature. Previous research employing this approach and other techniques suggested that the earthquake region's geotechnical and seismological conditions are complicated, particularly in Hatay City. In this study, to further investigate the ground motions, six GMPEs, which were previously proposed for the USA, Europe and the Middle East, are adopted. The findings of this study are integrated with those from previous research for comprehensive assessments. This study shows that the PGA of the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes cannot be fully predicted using GMPEs, which use epicentral distance (R-epi) in the equation. As a result, further research into rupture distance (R-rup) or Joyner-Boore distance (R-jb)-based equations is necessary. Also, the complexity of the region (i.e., irregularities present in alluvial deposits) and the high PGA values could be responsible for such a result. This study emphasizes the region's need to have more sophisticated GMPEs in the future.Öğe A case study comparing seismic retrofitting techniques for a historically significant masonry building's minaret(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Kiral, Adnan; Ergun, Mustafa; Tonyali, Zeliha; Artar, Musa; Senturk, IdrisHistorical masonry structures are extremely susceptible to earthquakes due to their characteristic features. Seismic performance and corresponding damage patterns vary between these buildings. Even though the main structure was undamaged, many minarets suffered damage or collapsed due to the transmission of large forces from the main mass to the minaret and the abrupt changes in cross-section due to the geometry of the minaret. This study uses an ancient masonry mosque as a case study, whose minaret and main building are constructed as a single structure. The mosque's minaret under seismic excitation is the focus of this study. The adopted model is called Alaeddin Bey Mosque in Mus,, T & uuml;rkiye. The seismic performance assessment of the minaret, considering various retrofitting options, is mainly based on four critical parameters: base shear, acceleration, displacement, and maximum tensile forces in all three dimensions. The analyzed retrofitting methods include base isolation located in the basement of the mosque, viscous dampers placed only in the upper part of the minaret, Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer fabric fitted to only the minaret, and steel plates applied to only the minaret. Representative structural models of the mosque have been modelled with SAP2000 software. The main novelty of this study is the use of viscous dampers in the minaret. It is the first time a design methodology has been introduced for viscous damper applications in minarets. This methodology aims to prevent local damage to the minaret due to the forces generated by the dampers, while also considering the constraints of limited internal space within the minaret. The finding of this study shows that viscous damper application yields significantly better results compared to the application of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer fabric and steel plates. However, although base isolation reduces the tensile stress values throughout the entire mosque to levels well below the material's strength, viscous damper application in the minaret significantly reduces tensile stresses only in the minaret. As a result, viscous dampers are recommended for damage reduction in the minaret only. Otherwise, base isolation should be considered for reducing stress values throughout the entire mosque including the minaret. This study contributes towards the development of new seismic retrofitting methods for historic masonry buildings 'minaret.Öğe Resilience-oriented seismic retrofit of heritage masonry minarets using hybrid base isolation and supplemental damping(Elsevier Science Inc, 2026) Ergun, Mustafa; Tonyali, Zeliha; Kiral, Adnan; Elias, SaidHistoric masonry mosques represent a highly vulnerable class of cultural heritage structures whose seismic fragility stems from their complex geometries, heterogeneous material composition, and rigid load-transfer mechanisms. This study presents a resilience-oriented seismic performance improvement of the historic masonry minaret of the Bayburt Grand Mosque, a structure with limited lateral deformation capacity that challenges the applicability of conventional strengthening measures. To address this limitation, a hybrid retrofitting strategy is introduced, integrating lead rubber bearings (LRBs) with supplemental viscous dampers (VDs) at the foundation level. This combined system-implemented for the first time in a historic masonry minaret-aims to enhance energy dissipation and displacement control through a minimally invasive and architecturally compatible approach. Finite element analyses (FEA), coupled with MATLAB-supported optimization routines, were used to calibrate isolator stiffness and damper coefficients. Three configurations were evaluated: fixed-base, LRB-isolated, and hybrid LRB-VD systems. Nonlinear time-history analyses (NTHAs) using the 1992 Erzincan (Otlukbeli) earthquake record quantified displacements, stress-strain responses, and damage progression. Results show that while base isolation mitigates seismic demand, it remains insufficient under restricted deformation capacity. The proposed hybrid system reduces peak horizontal displacements from 22 cm to 12 cm, limits drift ratios below 0.17 %, and lowers maximum tensile stresses from 4.890 MPa to 0.490 MPa-well below the masonry tensile strength of 0.880 MPa. Two iterative analytical design methodologies are additionally introduced to derive effective isolator stiffness and viscous damping coefficients, enabling systematic integration into resilience-focused evaluation frameworks. Overall, the study advances reliability-based, conservation-compatible retrofitting practices for historic masonry minarets and supports sustainable strategies for seismic risk mitigation.Öğe Seismic resilience of existing RC dual-system buildings during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a case study(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Tonyali, Zeliha; Kiral, Adnan; Ergun, Mustafa; Garcia, ReyesThis study investigates the seismic resilience of an existing reinforced concrete (RC) dual-system during the 2023 Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes. The shear wall-frame dual building was designed according to the Turkish guidelines (TEC 2007) and experienced negligible damage during the earthquakes, whereas all neighboring buildings collapsed. The case study building is modeled in SAP2000 (R) adopting a lumped plasticity approach. The 3D building model was subsequently subjected to pushover and nonlinear time-history analyses (NTHAs) using real ground motions recorded during the first and strongest mainshock of the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes (${M_w}$Mw = 7.7 Pazarcik earthquake). The results from the NTHAs indicate that the maximum inter-story drift (IDR) ratios on all floors of the case study building remained below the Immediate Occupancy performance level (IDR = 1.0%). Moreover, the dual-system building designed with TEC 2007 survived the earthquakes without damage, even when the design earthquake scenarios exceeded those considered in the new and more stringent TBEC 2018 (i.e. a 475 return period). The limited damage experienced by the RC dual-system building can be largely attributed to its high wall index (WI = 1.5% and 1.84%) and high average lateral stiffness index (H/T >= 45.3), which are above the minimum values (rho = 0.6% and H/T >= 45) suggested in previous research. This study also highlights the critical importance of site-specific ground motion selection, particularly in the context of Hatay province, where the seismic demands exhibited significant variability and intensity. This study contributes to a better understanding of the resilience of RC shear wall-frame buildings in seismic zones.
