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Öğe Artificial Intelligence Supported Online Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education: A Systematic Review With SWOT Analysis(Sage Publications Inc, 2026) Ustun, Aysin Gaye; Kayali, Bunyami; Yavuz, MehmetArtificial intelligence-supported online assessment and evaluation (AI-SOAE) systems have the potential to transform assessment and evaluation processes in higher education; however, there is a need for a comprehensive evaluation of the pedagogical, technical, and ethical dimensions of these systems. In this regard, the study systematically examined the characteristics of AI-SOAE systems within the framework of a SWOT analysis. A systematic literature review method was used in the research. Ninety-eight studies published between 2018 and 2025 in the Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC) databases were analysed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The findings show that the strengths of AI-SOAE systems include personalised feedback, advanced assessment processes, increased efficiency, and data-driven decision support mechanisms. In contrast, technical infrastructure limitations, algorithmic biases, data management issues, and negative user experiences were identified as the weaknesses of the systems. The analysis also reveals that AI-SOAE systems offer significant opportunities in terms of pedagogical transformation, digitalisation, and institutional competitiveness; however, they face threats such as data security, ethical concerns, risks to academic integrity, and limited empirical evidence. Consequently, AI-SOAE systems offer context- and application-dependent potential for supporting assessment and evaluation practices in higher education. Effectively realising this potential depends on strengthening technical infrastructure, managing algorithmic risks, and developing transparent, ethical, and institutional policy frameworks. By synthesising the literature in the field of AI-SOAE in a structured manner, this study provides a comprehensive assessment for researchers, educators, and policymakers.Öğe Artificial Intelligence- Supported Formative and Summative Assessment Approaches in Blended Learning Environments(IGI Global, 2025) Yavuz, Mehmet; Kayalı, BünyamiThis chapter explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and summative assessment in blended learning environments, beginning with the historical evolution of assessment systems. It highlights the limitations of traditional methods in objectivity, validity, inclusiveness, and feedback. AI technologies address these issues through functions such as personalised learning, real- time feedback, automated scoring, and enhanced test security. AI not only reduces teachers' workload but also enriches students' learning through data- driven insights. While formative assessment guides learning based on immediate performance data, summative assessment evaluates outcomes effectively. These AI- supported approaches transform assessment into a continuous, integrated component of the learning process. The chapter also addresses ethical concerns, such as data privacy and algorithmic fairness, stressing the importance of teacher competence and secure data handling. In conclusion, AI- enhanced assessment extends beyond traditional boundaries and becomes a dynamic tool to support learning. © 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved.Öğe Development and Validation of AI Acceptance Scale (AI-AS) for Learners in Higher Education(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2026) Kayali, Bunyami; Yavuz, Mehmet; Ustun, Aysin Gaye; Ucar, Hasan; Erdogdu, Erdem; Bozkurt, ArasThe use of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in educational activities is increasing day by day. This situation highlights the need for valid and reliable measurement tools to determine students' levels of acceptance of this technology. This study aims to develop a standard measurement tool to determine students' levels of acceptance of AI. To this end, the systematic scale development steps proposed by DeVellis and Thorpe () were followed. Exploratory factor analysis conducted with 560 participant responses and confirmatory factor analysis conducted with 950 participant responses resulted in a 26-item, 5-factor structure. The factors included in the scale were listed as "usability", "ease of use", "intention and attitude", "facilitating conditions" and "trust and data privacy". The findings revealed that the scale had high internal consistency and exhibited satisfactory model fit indices. The results indicate that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for determining students' levels of AI acceptance. The study offers practical implications for researchers and practitioners and highlights directions for future work on AI adoption in higher education environments.Öğe Examining the relationships between artificial intelligence literacy, AI-TPACK, job satisfaction, and well-being among teachers through structural equation modeling(Elsevier, 2026) Kayali, Bunyami; Balat, Sener; Yavuz, MehmetThis study explores the relationships between teachers' artificial intelligence literacy (AIL), AI-TPACK competencies, job satisfaction, and well-being. Survey data from 350 in-service teachers were analyzed using PLS-SEM to examine how AI-related competencies are associated with professional and psychological outcomes. The findings reveal that AIL strongly predicts AI-specific knowledge, especially AI-TCK, AI-TK, AI-TPCK, and AI-TPK, with a moderate influence on traditional pedagogical knowledge. At the job satisfaction level, AI-TCK and general pedagogical knowledge are positively associated with satisfaction, while AI-TK has a negative relationship. Mediation analyses show that AI competencies influence well-being through job satisfaction. AI-TCK and pedagogical knowledge are positively associated with well-being indirectly through job satisfaction, whereas AI-TK shows a negative indirect association along the same pathway. The study suggests that AI-related competencies are linked to teachers' work-life outcomes, and highlights job satisfaction as the key mediator between AI competence and well-being. Because the design is cross-sectional and self-reported, these relationships are interpreted as associations rather than causal effects. The study advocates for integrating AI in ways that support pedagogical development rather than just technical skills.Öğe From Technology Adoption to Organizational Governance: Mapping the Intellectual Structure and Shifting Paradigms of AI Governance in Educational Leadership(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2026) Kayali, Bunyami; Yavuz, Mehmet; Bozkurt, ArasThis study maps the intellectual structure and thematic evolution of the intersection between artificial intelligence (AI) and educational leadership in related literature. Employing a hybrid research design that integrates bibliometric analysis with Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)-based topic modeling, we examined 757 unique records retrieved from the Web of Science and Scopus databases for the period 2017-2026. Through computational optimization, the corpus was delineated into six emerging research themes that dictate the field's shifting paradigms: "Digital Leadership & Transformation," "Teaching & Student Learning," "AI Acceptance & Self-Efficacy," "Data Management & Machine Learning," "School Leadership & Principals," and "Technical & Computational Fields." While "Digital Leadership & Transformation" dominates over half of the literature, a sharp proportional decline in "School Leadership & Principals" uncovers a critical structural imbalance between abstract institutional transformation discourse and the actual human agents executing it. Furthermore, a severe underrepresentation of technical, governance, and transparency themes exposes a critical "opaque box" crisis of institutional agency. The study concludes that the field remains theoretically fragmented and calls for an integrated socio-technical framework reconciling leadership governance with the complex realities of AI systems.Öğe Investigating the relationship between social presence and transactional distance in online distance learning environments through structural equation modeling analysis(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Yavuz, Mehmet; Kayali, Bunyami; Ustun, Aysin Gaye; Ucar, Hasan; Erdogdu, Erdem; Bozkurt, ArasWhile digitalization has increased flexibility in online distance learning, it has also brought challenges such as emotional strain, interactional issues, and social isolation. In this context, students' sense of social presence is vital for sustaining their well-being and ensuring high-quality interaction. Grounded in Transactional Distance Theory (TDT) and the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework, this study modeled the relationships between social presence (SP) and interaction types within the using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The Social Presence and Transactional Distance Scales were used as data collection instruments. The sample comprised 574 online distance learners, with data collected via an online questionnaire. The results of the SEM analysis showed that SP was a significant positive predictor of all interaction types. Findings show that SP most strongly influences student - student and student - learning environment interactions, while also significantly enhancing student - instructor, student - content, and student - interface interactions. These results indicate that online learning environments should support not only content delivery but also meaningful social interaction. The study highlights the value of SP-oriented design in open, online and distance education systems and offers strategic recommendations for instructors, content developers, and digital learning administrators. Future research should compare synchronous and asynchronous learning structures.Öğe An Investigation of Digital Transformation Activities of Higher Education in Türkiye(Ozgen Korkmaz, 2023) Yavuz, Mehmet; Kayalı, Bünyami; Karaman, SelçukThis study aimed to examine the digital transformation activities of universities. The document analysis method was used in the study, one of the qualitative research methods. In this context, the websites of 207 universities were examined using the "Digital transformation activities form of universities" developed by the researchers. The data were analyzed by content analysis method. As a result of the analysis, six broad themes, also called dimensions in the current study, emerged, such as research, education, culture, process, technology, and community service regarding digital transformation activities of higher education institutions. Infrastructure studies, educational activities for research and supply and the use of smart systems to provide various cooperation opportunities are discussed within the scope of the research dimension. There are online scientific studies, online education programs, digital resources, and open access opportunities in the education dimension. As for the culture dimension, online manager activities for corporate culture, training of trainers, culture-arts and scientific activities took place. With the transfer of business processes to the digital environment, corporate promotion and communication activities were included in the process dimension. In the technology dimension, smart systems, smart campus applications and innovative technologies took place. Finally, the scope of community service compromised related units, university-industry cooperation activities and social activities. As a result, universities carry out activities to support processes such as education, research, management, and cooperation and to realize them in digital environments. For this purpose, it can be said that they perform effective and efficient processes by using various intelligent systems. © 2023, Ozgen Korkmaz. All rights reserved.Öğe Investigation of student experiences with ChatGPT-supported online learning applications in higher education(Australasian Soc Computers Learning Tertiary Education-Ascilite, 2023) Kayali, Bunyami; Yavuz, Mehmet; Balat, Sener; Calisan, MucahitThe purpose of this study was to determine university students' experiences with the use of ChatGPT in online courses. The sample consisted of 84 associate degree students from a state university in Turkey. A multi-method approach was used in the study. Although quantitative data were collected using the Chatbot Usability Scale, qualitative data were collected using a semi-structured interview form that we developed. The data were analysed using descriptive and content analysis methods. According to the findings, ChatGPT exhibits advantages such as a user-friendly interface and fast, concise, relevant responses. Moreover, emphasizing its contribution to the learning process, the information provided was sufficient and topic-oriented. The understandability of the chatbot's functions and the clarity of their communication were emphasized. However, there are disadvantages such as performance issues, frequency of errors and the risk of providing misleading information. Concerns have also been raised about the potential difficulties chatbots may face in ambiguous conversations and providing insufficient information on privacy issues. In conclusion, ChatGPT is recognised as a potentially valuable tool in education based on positive usability impressions; however, more research is needed for its safe use.Implications for practice or policy center dot Based on positive usability impressions, students and instructors can use ChatGPT to support educational activities.center dot ChatGPT can promote and enhance students' personalised learning experiences.center dot ChatGPT can be used in all higher education courses.center dot Users should be cautious about the accuracy and reliability of the answers provided by ChatGPT.center dot Decision-makers should take precautions against risks such as privacy, ethics, confidentiality and security that may arise from using artificial intelligence in education.Öğe The scale of evaluating instruction in pandemic process: Development, validation, and reliability(Vytautas Magnus University, 2021) Tutal, Özgür; Kayalı, Bünyami; Yavuz, Mehmet; Hasançebi, Mehmet; Yeşildağ-Hasançebi, FundaAnnotation. The study aims to develop a scale for determining student views on distance instruction, hybrid instruction, and back-to-school process after the pandemic. The study data were obtained from 442 students. EFA and CFA were performed to determine the scale‘s construct validity. Moreover, to decide the data collection tool‘s reliability, item analysis was conducted and internal consistency coefficients were estimated. Based on the results obtained from the validity and reliability analysis of the scale, it can be said that the Scale of Evaluating Instruction in Pandemic Process (SEIPP) is valid and reliable. © 2021, Vilnius Pedagogical University. All rights reserved.Öğe Students' Views Regarding Instruction during the Pandemic Process(Mehmet Akif OCAK, 2022) Hasançebi, Funda; Yavuz, Mehmet; Kayalı, Bünyami; Hasançebi, Mehmet; Tutal, Özgür; Özkılıç, AbdurrahimThe aim of this study was to determine the views of secondary and high school students regarding the distance education activities carried out during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the blended learning activities conducted afterwards, and the post-pandemic back-to-school process. The study consisted of 982 students and was conducted utilizing the descriptive survey method, one of the quantitative research methods. Data were collected using the "Scale of Evaluating Instruction in Pandemic Process". The findings indicated that most of the students used smartphones alone for distance education during the pandemic process and most of them participated in distance education only via live lessons. In addition, no significant difference was found between genders with regard to students' satisfaction with the distance education process and their expectations. On the other hand, most of the students did not receive sufficient psychological and academic support during this process. It was also noted that the students with internet access were more satisfied with the instruction activities in this process and that their access to the internet and technologies were higher than the students without internet access. Based on our findings, we recommend that students should be provided with academic and psychological support, security precautions should be tightened in schools to minimize the effects of the pandemic, and equal opportunities should be provided to students regarding hardware and internet support.Öğe SURVEILLANCE OR SUPPORT? A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SUPPORTED PROCTORED ONLINE EXAMS(Anadolu Univ, 2026) Ustun, Aysin Gaye; Kayali, Bunyami; Yavuz, Mehmet; Bozkurt, ArasProctored online exams have become widespread, especially after COVID-19, increasing exam security and efficiency. In recent years, artificial intelligence developments have increased these systems' importance by expanding their use. Accordingly, this study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the conceptual structure of artificial intelligence-supported proctored online examination (AI-SPOE) research. Systematic literature review and text mining were used as methods. Thirty-two studies in Scopus and Web of Science databases were analyzed according to the PRISMA technique. While all the studies were examined in the context of content analysis, abstracts and keywords of the relevant studies were analyzed by text mining. The current study found it effective in increasing academic integrity and exam security, but problems such as privacy violations, exam anxiety, and algorithmic biases were encountered. Although methods such as biometric verification and behaviour analysis successfully detect cheating, technical difficulties, and false positives negatively affect the user experience. In the future, more inclusive designs, transparent algorithms, and alternative evaluation methods are suggested. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the potential of AI-SPOE systems and highlights the importance of ethical and technical improvements.Öğe The Effects of Artificial Intelligence Supported Flipped Classroom Applications on Learning Experience, Perception, and Artificial Intelligence Literacy in Higher Education(Int Council Open & Distance Education, 2025) Yavuz, Mehmet; Balat, Sener; Kayali, BunyamiRapid changes in the field of technology have greatly affected learning and teaching styles as in every field. Artificial intelligence (AI), which is increasingly used in the field of education for different purposes such as improving learning outcomes or solving teaching problems, is one of the important technologies that contribute to this change. It is thought that there is a need for applications based on AI technology that can meet these needs in terms of sustainability of learning, especially in ODE environments where individual learning and instant feedback are important. Accordingly, the study aims to determine the impact of AI-supported flipped classroom applications on students' AI literacy and to evaluate their experiences and perceptions towards these applications. Explanatory sequential mixed design was used as the method in the study. In this context, in the quantitative phase of the study, a one-group pretest-posttest design from the weak experimental design was used to determine students' perceptions of flipped learning and AI literacy levels. In the qualitative phase of the study, a case study was used to determine students' views on learning experiences. The sample comprised 33 university students enrolled in a Web Design and Coding associate degree program. Data were collected through a flipped learning perception scale, an AI literacy scale, and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative findings revealed a statistically significant improvement in students' AI literacy levels from pre-test to post-test. Qualitative analyses indicated that AI-supported flipped classroom practices positively influenced students' motivation, interest in the course, and personalized learning experiences. Furthermore, the model fostered collaboration by promoting interactive learning environments and enhanced critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, students also reported challenges related to managing their time effectively within this instructional model. The study concludes that AI-supported flipped classroom applications hold promise for improving AI literacy and fostering active, student-centered learning in higher education. Nevertheless, challenges such as time management warrant further attention. It is recommended that future research explore the implementation of this model across diverse courses and educational contexts, investigate strategies to mitigate time management issues, and conduct comparative studies between AI-supported and traditional flipped classroom models to further elucidate the sources of observed positive perceptions.Öğe Trend of distance education research in the covid-19 period: A bibliometric and content analysis(Gürhan DURAK, 2021) Yavuz, Mehmet; Kayalı, Bünyami; Tutal, ÖzgürThe study aims to reveal the studies' profile for distance education activities in the Covid-19 period. For this purpose, bibliometric analysis and content analysis were used together in the study. Within the scope of the study, 220 studies were selected in the Web of Science database to access the articles. Within the scope of bibliometric analysis, the most used keywords, the most cited journals, the most publishing journals, the most publishing countries and the most cited authors were analyzed with the VOSViewer program. In content analysis, methodological trends (method, sample size, data collection tool, data analysis type) used in the studies were examined. As a result of the research, the most publications were made in the last quarter of 2020, 16% of the studies were single-author and the quantitative research method was the most preferred (40%), the sample was mostly university students (n=78). It was observed that it was clustered between 0-100 intervals, the most frequently used questionnaire (n=105) as the data collection tool, and the descriptive-quantitative analysis method (40%) was used as the data analysis method. Also, the most publications are made in America and China, the most used keywords are "covid-19", "online education" and "distance education", the most cited authors are Chen, Cong, Peng and Yang, and finally It has been observed that the highly cited journal has Sustainability.Öğe Trust in AI: scale development and validation for online distance learners(Springernature, 2026) Ustun, Aysin Gaye; Yavuz, Mehmet; Kayali, Bunyami; Ucar, Hasan; Erdogdu, Erdem; Bozkurt, ArasTrust in artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a critical factor influencing students' interactions with AI-supported learning environments. However, validated instruments for measuring student trust in AI within educational contexts remain limited. This study developed and validated a multidimensional scale to assess student trust in AI systems in online distance education. Scale development followed a sequential multi-stage design, including item generation based on literature review, expert evaluation for content validity, and psychometric validation through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. A total of 837 distance learning students participated in the study (EFA = 412; CFA = 307; validation sample = 118). Exploratory factor analysis supported a five-factor structure explaining 63.20% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis with an independent sample indicated good model fit (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\chi <^>{2}$$\end{document}/df = 2.17; CFI = .95; TLI = .94; RMSEA = .06). The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\alpha $$\end{document} = .94; \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\omega $$\end{document} = .94). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis supported metric invariance across gender, indicating comparable measurement across groups. No significant gender differences were observed, and trust in AI was not significantly associated with grade point average or system engagement frequency. These results suggest that trust represents a distinct perception that may influence how students engage with AI-supported learning environments. The resulting 21-item scale provides a reliable instrument for investigating student trust in AI and offers practical implications for the design and implementation of AI-supported learning in higher education.Öğe Turkish Students’ Use of NotebookLM in an Online Digital Literacy Course(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2026) Kayali, Bünyami; Yavuz, MehmetThis experimental study investigates the effects of using NotebookLM on students’ academic achievement and students’ assessment of NotebookLM in online digital literacy courses in higher education. It was conducted using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. A one-group pretest–posttest model was employed. During a five-week intervention, 33 Turkish students used NotebookLM for summarizing, concept mapping, and scenario-based problem-solving activities. Data was collected from a pretest, posttest, and interviews. Quantitative data was projected into SPSS 27 for analysis, and qualitative data was thematically analysed. Results reveal a significant difference between the pretest score (M?=?66.90, SD?=?10.26) and posttest score (M?=?74.90, SD?=?13.16) in terms of academic achievement, t(32)?=??3.51, p?=?0.001. The effect size was moderate (Cohen’s d?=?0.68). Interview data shows that the students perceived NotebookLM as helpful for comprehension, time efficiency, motivation, and feedback, though constrained by language support and occasional technical problems. The findings suggest implications for using NotebookLM in online courses in higher education in Turkey. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.Öğe Using Metaverse in Education: Bibliometric and Content Analysis on Applications, Tools and Impacts(2023) Balat, Şener; Yavuz, Mehmet; Kayali, BünyamiThe study aims to investigate the impact of metaverse technologies in the field of education. To achieve this objective, bibliometrics and content analysis were employed. During the study, a total of 178 studies were subjected to bibliometric analysis, while 112 studies specifically focused on education were examined through content analysis. The analysis revealed that most publications were concentrated in 2023 (n=98) and 2022 (n=67). Furthermore, the most frequently employed keywords in these studies included metaverse, virtual reality, augmented reality, education, and artificial intelligence. In terms of country distribution, the highest number of publications originated from China (n=103), followed by South Korea (n=73), India (n=34), and the USA (n=30). On the authorship front, the most prolific contributors were Kim, J., Lee, H., Lee, L. H., and Niyato, D. In the realm of metaverse utilization in education, virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, and extended reality technologies emerged as the most prominent. Additionally, the analysis identified higher education and secondary education as the primary contexts for metaverse application. The recommendations presented in the examined studies were categorized into five groups: To Ensure a Quality Learning Experience, To Improve Student Experience, For Skill Development, To Support Education Activities, and For Material Use. Finally, regarding the limitations of metaverse technology in education, a six-category structure was identified, encompassing Technical Problems, High Cost, Ethical and Safety Concerns, Learning Requirements, Limitations of the Technology Used, and Health Problems.Öğe Uzaktan Öğretici Rolündeki Öğretmenlerin Dijital Yeterliklerinin İncelenmesi(2025) Yavuz, Mehmet; Kayali, BünyamiÇalışmada uzaktan öğretici rolündeki öğretmenlerin dijital yeterliklerinin belirlenerek çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini uzaktan öğretim deneyimine sahip 470 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak Eğitimciler için Dijital Yeterlilikler Çerçevesi ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada betimsel ve kestirimsel analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda öğretmenlerin dijital yeterlik çerçevesinin ortalaması hesaplanmıştır. Ortalamanın dijital yeterlik çerçevesindeki karşılığı “Uzman” sınıfına denk gelmektedir. Cinsiyet faktörüne göre öğretmenlerin dijital yeterlik düzeyleri erkek öğretmenlerin lehine anlamlı farklılık göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte çalışılan okul düzeyi, öğrenim seviyesi, günlük teknolojik cihaz kullanım süresi ve deneyim gibi faktörler açısından ise öğretmenlerin dijital yeterlik düzeyleri arasında anlamlı farklılık gözlenmemiştir.
