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    Honeys from some different regions of Azerbaijan: bioactive characteristics based on phenolic profile and antioxidant activity
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Degirmenci, Atiye; Can, Zehra; Boyraci, Gulsum Merve; Yildiz, Oktay; Asadov, Elsevar; Kolayli, Sevgi
    Azerbaijan is an important region for the beekeeping and honey industry. Biochemical characteristics of eleven honey samples from different regions of Azerbaijan were analyzed through measuring electrical conductivity, optical activity, moisture content, proline and diastase number. Phenolic components are analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV-Vis double beam detector. Sugars profiles of samples were carried out using HPLC with a refractive index detector (RID). Total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity were measured with the aim of gathering information on the antioxidant power of samples. Biochemical and antioxidant characteristics are also supported with melissopalynological data. Conductivity ranged between 0.32 and 0.82 mS cm(-1), moisture 14.52 and 20.78%, proline 314.34 and 1077.21 mg kg(-1), diastase 13.05 and 22.19. Azerbaijan honeys exhibited levorotatory properties. Total phenolic content varied from 18.82 to 154.75 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g honey. The results confirm that physico-chemical and biologically active properties of Azerbaijan honeys are affected by the flora and geographical variations.
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    Targeting CoV-2 spike RBD and ACE-2 interaction with flavonoids of Anatolian propolis by in silico and in vitro studies in terms of possible COVID-19 therapeutics
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2021) Guler, Halil Ibrahim; Sal, Fulya A. Y.; Can, Zehra; Kara, Yakup; Yildiz, Oktay; Belduz, Ali Osman; Canakci, Sabriye
    Propolis is a multi-functional bee product rich in polyphenols. In this study, the inhibitory effect of Anatolian propolis against SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was investigated in vitro and in silico. Raw and commercial propolis samples were used, and both samples were found to be rich in caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, t-cinnamic acid, hesperetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) at HPLC-UV analysis. Ethanolic propolis extracts (EPE) were used in the ELISA screening test against the spike S1 protein (SARS-CoV-2): ACE-2 interaction for in vitro study. The binding energy values of these polyphenols to the SARS-CoV-2 spike and ACE-2 protein were calculated separately with a molecular docking study using the AutoDock 4.2.6 program. In addition, the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of these eight polyphenols were calculated according to the SwissADME tool. The binding energy value of pinocembrin was highest in both receptors, followed by chrysin, CAPE, and hesperetin. Based on the in silico modeling and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) behaviors of the eight polyphenols, the compounds exhibited the potential ability to act effectively as novel drugs. The findings of both studies showed that propolis has a high inhibitory potential against the Covid-19 virus. However, further studies are now needed.