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Öğe The Effect of Weathering on Color and Glossiness Properties of Polyurethane-Modified Water-Based Varnish Layers Applied to Thermally Treated Ash Wood(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2025) Ulay, Goksel; Akter, Mete; Cakicier, Nevzat; Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit; Atilgan, Abdi; Ciftci, SeymenThe effects of artificial weathering (168, 336, and 504 h) on the glossiness values and color parameters of varnished, polyurethane-modified ash wood were investigated. Samples included control samples without treatment and thermally treated samples under two different conditions (190 degrees C for 1.5 h and 212 degrees C for 2 h), all coated with a polyurethane-modified water-based varnish. In non-thermally treated and varnished samples, decreases in L* values were observed after weathering, while increases were noted in h(o), C*, b*, and glossiness at 60 degrees in both perpendicular and parallel directions to the fibers. After weathering, for samples thermally treated at 190 degrees C for 1.5 h and varnished, increases were observed in glossiness values at 20 degrees and 60 degrees in both directions, as well as in L*, b*, and h(o) values. Conversely, decreases were noted in a* and C* values. In samples thermally treated at 212 degrees C for 2 h and varnished, increases in a*, L*, h(o), b*, and C* values were detected after weathering, whereas decreases were observed in glossiness at all angles (20 degrees and 60 degrees) in both directions. The triangle E* values showed a decreasing trend in non-thermally treated varnished samples after weathering, while an increase was observed in samples thermally treated at 212 degrees C for 2 h and varnished.Öğe SOME NEW INEQUALITIES FOR DIFFERENTIABLE ARITHMETIC-HARMONICALLY CONVEX FUNCTIONS(Univ Kragujevac, Fac Science, 2025) Kadakal, Mahir; Agarwal, Praveen; Iscan, ImdatIn this study, by using an integral identity together with both the H & ouml;lder and the power-mean inequalities for integrals we establish several new inequalities for differentiable arithmetic-harmonically-convex function. Also, we give some applications for special means.Öğe Effects of Formaldehyde Scavenger on Mechanical, Physical, and Emission Test Results in Multi-Layer Pressed Chipboard Production(Inst Technol Drewna, 2025) Camlibel, Osman; Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit; Ulay, GokselThis study investigates the effects of different formaldehyde scavenger (FS) ratios on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of fiberboard composites. Experimental analyses included measurements of thickness, density, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal (WA), and formaldehyde emission (FE) levels. The results indicate that an increase in the FS ratio leads to a significant decline in mechanical properties. Specifically, MOR, MOE, and IB values decreased by 17.97%, 15.65%, and 16.33%, respectively. Changes in TS and WA were also observed, with TS increasing by up to 22.68% and WA decreasing by as much as 16.90%. In terms of formaldehyde emissions, a significant reduction was observed as the FS ratio increased. At a 15% FS ratio, formaldehyde emissions decreased by 43.24%, which is considered a positive outcome in terms of environmental and health impacts. Overall, the use of FS in specific ratios reduces FE while causing certain reductions in mechanical properties. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing FS usage for the production of low-FE fiberboards.Öğe Some New Integral Inequalities for Exponential Type P-functions(Univ Craiova, 2024) Kadakal, Mahir; Iscan, Imdat; Kadakal, HuriyeIn this paper, by using an identity we obtain some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for functions whose first derivative in absolute value is exponential type P- function by using Holder and power-mean integral inequalities. Then, the authors compare the results obtained with both Holder, Holder-I-center dot,scan integral inequalities and prove that the Holder-I-center dot,scan integral inequality gives a better approximation than the Holder integral inequality. Also, some applications to special means of real numbers are also given.Öğe Bibliometric Analysis of Sport Entrepreneurship Literature: The Case of Web of Science(Ataturk Univ, 2024) Esmer, Yusuf; Dertli, SukranSport entrepreneurship is the sport dimension of entrepreneurship and research on the concept has increased in recent years. The aim of this research is to provide a general perspective on sports entrepreneurship, to draw attention to the importance of the subject and to generate ideas for further research. For this purpose, bibliometric analysis technique was used in the research. In this context, 494 publications on sport entrepreneurship in the WoS database were examined under 7 headings (advanced search, cited references, co-author analysis, common word analysis, citation analysis, bibliometric matching analysis, co-citation analysis). These titles were analyzed in a total of 32 parameters and analyzed bibliometrically with Sankey diagram, VOSviewer, MapChart and Wordclouds programs. When the researches on sports entrepreneurship were examined, it was determined that the most publications were made in 2020 and the most citations were made in 2021, and the title, keyword, abstract, research area and WoS categories specified in the publications were related to each other. In this context, it has been seen that the basis of the structure in the relevant literature is sports, entrepreneurship, management, business and innovation. Although bibliometric studies have been conducted in the field of entrepreneurship in national literature, bibliometric analysis of sports entrepreneurship has not been carried out in a comprehensive manner, the number of studies in the international literature is low, and the use of more parameters and more data in this research than the studies conducted in the international literature reveals the importance and originality of the research.Öğe Testing of Bleaching Application on Kingwood (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke) Wood(Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry, 2025) Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, UmitIn this study, surface changes (whiteness index: WI*, color parameters, and glossiness properties) occurring after bleaching with oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) + sodium hydroxide (NaOH) chemicals in kingwood (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke) wood, used for high-quality applications such as quality turning, marquetry, furniture, inlay work, musical instruments, and decorative items, were investigated. The Delta E* values were determined as 5.46 for the single component and 8.69 for the double component. Decreases in L* and ho parameters were obtained by the action of the C2H2O4 chemical, while increases were observed in the a*, C*, and b* parameters. Additionally, the use ofH2O2 + NaOH chemicals in the bleaching process resulted in increases in L*, b*, C*, and ho values, with a decrease noted in the a*parameter. Observations revealed reductions in glossiness values at 60 and 85 degrees when employing two distinct bleaching agents in both orientations. It can be said that the bleaching agents used in the study exert varying effects as modifiers on the surface of wooden materials.Öğe Erzurum Central Cortan Mosque and 2020-2021 Restoration(Ataturk Univ, 2025) Celik, Bayram; Gultepe, GultenThe city of Erzurum has always maintained its feature of being one of the most important cities of the region in terms of military, trade and culture and art throughout history. Being geographically at the junction of important civilizations and being at the transition point of these civilizations has not only preserved this feature but also caused its cultural and artistic richness to be very diverse and of high standards. The city, which was the gateway to Anatolia for the Turks, was also the city where the first Turkish architectural works were built. Structures such as the Ulu Mosque, the Twin Minarets and the Yakutiye Madrasahs not only raised the building standards of the architectural tradition in this city to a very high level, but also became a reference for later structures in terms of building standards. The high building standards that began with the Saltukids and Ilkhanids gained new momentum in the 16th century. After this transformation, very large foundations were established in the city and intensive construction activities began. Many valuable structures were added to the city in the construction activities that continued uninterruptedly until the Republic period. One of these is the & Ccedil;ortan Mosque, which is thought to have been built in the 1850s. The mosque with wooden pillars and wooden beams is a structure that greatly reflects the architectural tradition of Erzurum and the characteristics of the period in which it was built. With this study, both the cultural and artistic characteristics of the structure will be determined and brought to the literature, and the restoration conveyed in detail.Öğe Synergistic electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of NiFe2O4/MWCNT composites synthesized via microwave-assisted combustion method in Ku-band(Unimap Press, 2025) Johari, Mohd Hilmi; Ismail, Ismayadi; Azis, Rabaah Syahidah; Tim, Chan Kar; Nafis, Nur Biha Mohamed; Ertugrul, Mehmet; Karaka, Ibrahim HakkiThis study investigates the synthesis, microstructural characteristics, magnetic properties, and electromagnetic wave absorption performance of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4 ) composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) synthesized via the microwave-assisted combustion (MAC) method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the desired structure of NiFe(2)O(4 )and the successful integration of MWCNTs within the NiFe(2)O(4 )matrix. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis revealed the entanglement of MWCNTs and their significant impact on hindering particle growth, resulting in a finer particle structure. The reduction in average particle size from 1.317 mu m for pure NiFe(2)O(4 )to 0.436 mu m for NiFe2O4 with 2wt% MWCNT, representing approximately a 66.89% reduction, significantly demonstrates the effectiveness of MWCNTs in limiting particle growth and promoting a more refined particle structure. Magnetic property analyses showed a nuanced interplay between MWCNT concentration and composite behaviour, with the saturation magnetization (Ms) exhibiting substantial enhancement in the NiFe2O4 /2wt%MWCNT composite, indicative of effective alignment of magnetic moments. However, a subsequent decrease in Ms at higher MWCNT concentrations (4wt% and 6wt%) suggested potential dilution effects and disruptions in magnetic interactions within the composite. Electromagnetic wave absorption investigations revealed NiFe2O4 /4wt%MWCNT as a highly efficient absorber in the Ku-band, with superior impedance matching and a high attenuation constant. The reflection loss (RU) reached a maximum of-17.58 dB at 12.78 GHz, signifying absorption of more than 99% of the incident EM wave in the microwave range. The favourable impedance matching and high attenuation constant contributed to the superior performance of NiFe2O4/4wt%MWCNT compared to pure NiFe(2)O(4 )and MWCNT. These findings suggest the potential of NiFe2O4/MWCNT composites for applications in telecommunications, aerospace, and electronics, with opportunities for further optimization and investigation into long-term stability and durability under varying environmental conditions.Öğe Effect of Calcium Lignosulfonate Additive on Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of High-Density Fiberboard(Inst Technol Drewna, 2024) Camlibel, Osman; Ayata, Umit; Peker, HuseyinCalcium lignosulfonate (CLS) (C20H24CaO10S2) is widely used in various industries today, including wood, construction, food, agriculture, and textiles. There are currently few studies on the addition of CLS chemicals to various fiberboards. This study was designed to explore the outcomes of the interaction between CLS and the boards, with the aim of expanding the potential applications of this chemical. We incorporated CLS at varying percentages (6%, 8%, and 10%) as an adhesive additive in high-density fiberboard (HDF) produced using urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in a laboratory setting. We assessed its impact on several physical properties - thickness swelling (TS), density, and water absorption (WA) - and mechanical properties: modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and surface soundness (SS). A control group was created using prepared boards, enabling the comparison of results between boards made with and without CLS additives. According to the results of a multivariate analysis of variance, the CLS percentage showed no significant effect on density, MOE, and SS. However, it significantly influenced TS, WA, IB, and MOR, resulting in reductions of 4-12% for SS, 6-12% for MOR, and 2-22% for IB, while increasing TS by 20-130%, WA by 25-84%, and MOE by 1-3%. It was observed that the use of CLS led to differing results in the tests conducted on the produced HDF materials.Öğe Effects of Different Plyometric Training on Some Biomotor and Taekwondo Technical Performance in Taekwondo Athletes(Ataturk Univ, 2025) Kul, Murat; Aydemir, BurakhanThe aim of this study is to examine the effects of different plyometric training methods on the biomotor and taekwondo technical performance of 14-16-year-old taekwondo athletes. The study utilized two different training methods: plyometric exercises on sand and plyometric exercises on taekwondo mats, with a control group performing only regular taekwondo training. The study included 66 athletes, all with at least 5 years of taekwondo experience, from Trabzon, Turkey, in 2024. Participants were divided into two experimental groups: Group 1, performing plyometric exercises on sand, and Group 2, performing plyometric exercises on taekwondo mats. After an 8week training program, biomotor and technical performance tests were applied to all groups for comparison. The data were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and since the data did not show normal distribution, non-parametric tests were used for analysis. Wilcoxon tests were applied for within-group comparisons, while Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for between-group comparisons. In cases where significant differences were found, Post hoc multiple comparison tests with Bonferroni correction were used to identify which groups showed the differences. The results showed that all groups demonstrated significant improvements in biomotor and technical performance parameters after the training programs. Group 1, the sand-based plyometric training group, showed more pronounced improvements in speed, agility, jump, balance, and technical performance parameters. The findings suggest that sand-based plyometric training has a significant impact on sports requiring speed, power, endurance, and technical skills, such as taekwondo.Öğe Comparison of Color Parameters in Layers of Yacht Varnish, Waxy Varnish, and Stone Varnish Applied to Various Wood Species(Inst Technol Drewna, 2024) Ayata, Umit; Peker, HuseyinIn this study, solvent-based yacht varnish, stone varnish, and waxy varnish were applied in two coats using a brush, following industrial application standards, to the surfaces of the following tree species: black alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.), curupay (Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth.), iatandza (Albizia ferruginea), lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.), magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), plane (Platanus orientalis L.), sucupira (Bowdichia nitida Benth.), and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Subsequently, the color parameters (b*, C*, L*, a*, ho, triangle E*, triangle H*, triangle b*, triangle C*, triangle a*, and triangle L*) of the varnish layers were compared with those of the untreated surfaces. The results of analysis of variance revealed significant differences in all color parameters. Decreases in L* values and increases in a* values were observed for all wood types when treated with three different varnishes. Additionally, in plane, black alder, and hornbeam wood, application of all varnishes resulted in increases in b* and C* values, with decreases in ho values. In sucupira wood, however, decreases were observed in b*, C*, and ho values with the application of all three varnishes. It was observed that a single type of varnish yielded different results on different wood types. This finding was attributed to the different types of resins present in the varnish types used in the study, which resulted in varying outcomes.Öğe A new approach to solving local fractional Riccati differential equations using the Adomian-Elzaki method(Amer Inst Mathematical Sciences-Aims, 2025) Aydemir, Hilal; Merdan, Mehmet; Demir, UemitThe Elzaki-Adomian decomposition method (EADM) is intended to serve as an efficient analytical method for the resolution of these original fractional-order Riccati differential equations. This can be accomplished permanently by incorporating the Adomian decomposition method with Elzaki. The local fractional derivative is implemented in this format. Particularly in the context of nonlinear differential equations (ODE), this approach is preferred over digital gaps. Additionally, the method's convergence. Random individuals with uniform, beta, normal, and gamma distributions are used to select the initial conditions or coefficients of the equations. The variance, confidence interval, and expected value of the solutions that are obtained will be determined. MATLAB (2013a) package software will be employed to display the individuals that were brought together, and the results will be analyzed randomly.Öğe Multi-sensor data fusion based on the similarity measure and belief (Deng) entropy under neutrosophic evidence sets(Amer Inst Mathematical Sciences-Aims, 2025) Koseoglu, Ali; Sahin, Ridvan; Demir, UmitThe Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is a very practical concept for handling uncertain information. The foundation of this theory lies in the basic probability assignment (BPA), which exclusively accounts for the degree of support attributed to focal elements (FEs). In this study, neutrosophic evidence sets (NESs) are defined to introduce additional probabilistic measures, aimed at addressing the uncertainty, imprecision, incompleteness, and inconsistency present in real-world information. The basic element of NESs is a neutrosophic basic probability assignment (NBPA), which consists of three components. The truth degree of FEs is represented by the first BPA, the second BPA represents the indeterminacy degree of FEs, and the last BPA characterizes the falsity degree of FEs. In NESs, each support degree of FEs is shown separately without any limitation. Therefore, the general concept of NESs is broader compared to traditional evidence sets and intuitionistic fuzzy evidence sets. Unlike the neutrosophic set (NS), the NBPA method assigns truth-support, uncertainty-support, and false-support degrees, as well as these support degrees, to single and multiple subsets in a discriminative framework. This paper aimed to develop some information measures for NESs, such as neutrosophic Deng entropy (NDE), neutrosophic cosine similarity measure, and neutrosophic Jousselme distance. Then, an improved method based on NDE and neutrosophic cosine similarity measure was established to combine contradictory evidence to increase the influence of reliable evidence on the one hand and to reduce the influence of unreliable evidence on the other hand. Finally, a case involving sensor data integration for target identification was studied to highlight the importance of these innovative ideas. The numerical example demonstrates that the proposed method provides more reliable and superior fusion performance compared to classical models, particularly in scenarios involving high conflict and uncertain information. However, the effectiveness of the method is partially influenced by the structure of the similarity matrix and the entropy parameters, which necessitates careful parameter tuning to achieve optimal results. These limitations are explicitly highlighted to serve as a guide for future improvements and broader applications of the method.Öğe Effect of Thermal Modification and Picture Varnish Application on Color Change of Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) Wood(Lukasiewicz Research Network, Poznan Inst Technology, 2025) Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit; Ulay, GokselScots pine is one of the important tree species used by the wood processing industry in many countries for both interior and exterior applications. It is well known that thermal treatment alters the color of wood. To protect wood from outdoor environmental conditions, certain chemicals are applied to its surface. These protective chemicals also influence the color of thermally treated wood. In this study, the color-altering effect of picture varnish (refined linseed oil), commonly used as a protective chemical in the field of painting, was investigated on both thermally treated and untreated wood materials. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples were subjected to thermal treatment at 212 degrees C for 2 h. Following this, varnish made from refined linseed oil was applied to some of these samples and some untreated samples, with the remaining untreated samples used as controls. Color and whiteness index (WI*) values were analyzed on the resulting four different materials, and the results were compared. Analysis of variance showed significant effects for the factors of heat treatment, picture varnish application, and their interaction, on WI* (& boxV; and perpendicular to), a*, L*, ho, b*, and C* values. In the non-heat-treated samples, the application of varnish resulted in reductions in WI* values in both directions and in L* values, while increases were observed in ho, b*, C*, and a* values. Additionally, the application of varnish to the heat-treated samples resulted in an increase in a* values, while reductions were observed in WI* values in both directions, as well as in ho, L*, b*, and C* values. After heat treatment, the triangle E* value for Scots pine wood was calculated as 33.63. For both heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples, varnish application resulted in negative triangle L* values and positive triangle a* values. Additionally, triangle b* and triangle C* values were positive in the non-heat-treated and varnished samples, while they were negative in the heat-treated and varnished samples. The protective picture varnish used in the study significantly altered the color of both thermally treated and untreated wood.Öğe Validity and Reliability of a Novel AI-Based System in Athletic Performance Assessment: The Case of DeepSport(Mdpi, 2025) Aydemir, Burakhan; Aydogan, Muhammed Talha; Boz, Emre; Kul, Murat; Kirkbir, Fatih; Ozkara, Abdullah BoraThis study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the AI-based DeepSport application by comparing its outcomes with those from the reference device, OptoJump. The primary dependent variables measured were jump height and anaerobic power during vertical jump assessments. Twelve elite male basketball players voluntarily participated in the study (age = 21.53 +/- 1.14 years; sports experience = 6.47 +/- 1.01 years). DeepSport uses AI-based image processing from standard cameras, while OptoJump uses optical sensor technology. Both DeepSport and OptoJump systems were utilized to assess participants' Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Squat Jump (SJ) performances. A G*Power (version 3.1.9.7) analysis determined the required sample size, adopting a 95% confidence level, 90% test power, and an effect size of 0.25. Validity assessments were conducted using Bland-Altman plots and ordinary least products (OLP) regression analysis, while reliability was evaluated through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable change (SDC) analyses. DeepSport showed excellent reliability in CMJ and SJ tests with ICC values > 0.90, and CV ranged between 2.12% and 4.95%. Results were consistent with OptoJump, showing no significant differences according to t-test results (p > 0.05). Bland-Altman analyses indicated no systematic bias and random distribution. These findings confirm that both DeepSport and OptoJump devices demonstrate high reliability and consistency, suggesting their validity and reliability for use in athlete performance assessments by coaches and athletes.Öğe A Step towards Sustainable Education: Does an Entrepreneurial Teacher Nurture Creativity?(Mdpi, 2024) Saygin, Muhammet; Say, Serkan; Ozturk, Ismail Yavuz; Gulden, Bahadir; Kaplan, KadirThis study explores the relationship between teachers' entrepreneurial behaviors and their creativity-nurturing behaviors, with a particular emphasis on sustainability in education. While previous studies have typically examined entrepreneurship and creativity as separate concepts, often focusing on their individual dimensions, this study underscores the significance of integrating entrepreneurial and creative competencies to promote sustainable educational practices. By highlighting how teachers' entrepreneurial and creative skills contribute to sustainable education, this study addresses the broader impact these competencies have on meeting the evolving needs and expectations of students, families, and society. This approach supports the development of a more resilient and adaptive education system that can thrive over time. The research involved 1396 classroom teachers from the Mersin province of Turkey. Analysis of the data revealed a strong positive correlation between teachers' entrepreneurial behaviors and their creativity-nurturing behaviors, indicating that teachers who exhibit higher levels of entrepreneurial traits are more likely to engage in practices that foster creativity or that teachers who exhibit higher levels of creativity nurturing behaviors are more likely to engage in entrepreneurial practices among their students. Thus, the importance of the high-level relationship between entrepreneurial behaviors and creativity-enhancing behaviors in improving sustainability in education has been revealed. This study highlights the need to integrate entrepreneurial skills into teaching practices to support a sustainable educational framework.Öğe Primula longipes subsp. bayburtensis Sefali, Yapar & Demir (Primulaceae): A new taxon from north-eastern Anatolia, Türkiye(Pensoft Publishers, 2025) Sefali, Abdurrahman; Yapar, Yakup; Demir, Ibrahim; Yurtvermez, Bayram; Keser, Ali MuratThe new taxon, Primula longipes subsp. bayburtensis Sefali, Yapar & Demir, subsp. nov. (Primulaceae) is described and illustrated from Bayburt Province, T & uuml;rkiye. It is morphologically assigned to Primula sect. Crystallophlomis based on its long scapes, lanceolate and denticulate leaf with long petiole and hairless habit, fruits longer than calyx and covered by farina on the scape. This new taxon is similar to Primula longipes and P. nivalis subsp. turkestanica; it can also be easily distinguished by its calyx divided ratio, thurm flowers (unwidened corolla tube shape and length) and capsules (length) futures.Öğe Determinants of foreign direct investment in the textile sector: a research with IT2 Fuzzy TOPSIS methodology(Inst Natl Cercetare-Dezvoltare Textile Pielarie-Bucuresti, 2025) Sahin, Recep Ugurcan; Gokhan, Nalbant Kemal; Keskin, Abdulkadir; Ozdemir, Yavuz; Keskin, AbdurrahmanThis study aims to identify the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the textile sectors in Poland, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Czechia and T & uuml;rkiye. The study assesses these criteria through paired comparisons conducted by experts who have a minimum of 10 years of professional experience in the field and analyses them using the IT2 Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique. According to the findings, the criteria with the highest degree of importance are national security, inflation rate, patent and trademark protection, transportation networks and market size. On a country-by-country basis, Poland has a higher investment attraction potential compared to other countries according to the criteria of openness, corruption, legal regulations and privatization policies, import and export quotas, education and professional status, renewable energy resources, sustainability, intellectual property protection, patent and trademark protection and national security. Hungary scores highest on import and export quotas and tax rates, while Slovakia stands out on import and export quotas and waste management/environmental regulations. Romania scores highest on profitability and debt financing, labour costs and import and export quotas. Czechia scores highest on inflation rate, political stability, legal regulations and privatization policies, economic incentives, general trade policies, import and export quotas and cultural situation and lifestyle. T & uuml;rkiye scores the highest in terms of market size, GDP growth rate, access to raw materials and markets, technological infrastructure and innovation, transport networks, production sites, energy production, import and export quotas and business-friendly approaches.Öğe Casein Supplementation Timing and Exercise Performance in Soccer Players: Pre-Sleep vs. Post-Exercise Intake-A Randomized Controlled Trial(Mdpi, 2025) Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Ates, Zeynep Hazal; Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Kul, Murat; Muntean, Raul Ioan; Dhahbi, WissemBackground: Nutrient timing strategies may influence recovery and performance in athletes; however, the effects of ingesting casein protein before sleep versus immediately after exercise remain unclear. This study compared the acute effects of pre-sleep and post-exercise ingestion of casein on high-intensity anaerobic performance in highly trained soccer players. Methods: Twenty-four highly trained male soccer players (mean age: 20.6 +/- 1.8 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: post-exercise casein ingestion group (PECIG; n = 8), pre-sleep casein ingestion group (PSCIG; n = 8), and control group (CG; n = 8). Following a standardized high-intensity resistance training protocol, participants consumed 30 g of micellar casein dissolved in 300 mL of water either immediately after exercise or 30-60 min before bedtime. Performance was assessed using the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), the Illinois Agility Test (IAT), and the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), which were conducted both before and 24 h after the training session. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant group-by-time effects for CMJ (F = 8.21, p = 0.002, eta(2)p = 0.36) and RAST performance variables, including peak power (F = 6.94, p = 0.003, eta(2)p = 0.32), mean power (F = 7.42, p = 0.002, eta(2)p = 0.34), and fatigue index (F = 5.87, p = 0.008, eta(2)p = 0.28). Post hoc analyses showed that PSCIG significantly improved CMJ (Delta = +1.45 cm; p < 0.001, d = 2.04) and RAST mean power (Delta = +125.14 W; p = 0.002, d = 1.55) compared with the control condition. PECIG significantly enhanced RAST peak power (Delta = +205.79 W; p = 0.001, d = 1.64), mean power (Delta = +128.43 W; p = 0.013, d = 1.24), and fatigue index (Delta = +4.12 W/s; p = 0.010, d = 1.29) relative to CG. No performance differences were observed between PSCIG and PECIG timing conditions (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Both pre-sleep and post-exercise casein ingestion enhanced anaerobic performance in highly trained soccer players, with each timing method favoring different performance outcomes. However, neither strategy demonstrated superiority over the other, suggesting that casein timing may be flexibly applied according to athletes' preferences and training contexts.Öğe Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Change of Al7SiMgxEr (x: 0.03-0.1)(Mdpi, 2025) Colak, Murat; Muhammed, Enes Aydin; Turkmen, Mustafa; Dispinar, DeryaAluminum and its alloys are widely used in many fields, such as automotive, aerospace, and defense industries, due to their many advantages. Due to such critical applications, the quality demands are also increasing. With the recent development in technologies, studies on casting of aluminum with different alloying element additions are ongoing rapidly. Various elements are added to the alloy to provide the desired properties. In this study, the effects of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.1 wt% Er addition to A356 aluminum alloy were evaluated simply because in the literature, only 0.1 wt% and above additions were studied. Samples were prepared using permanent molds and subjected to mechanical testing and microstructural characterization. Changes in the microstructure (evaluated via SDAS and SDAL) and mechanical properties of the cast specimens were analyzed. The results showed that Er addition improved tensile strength by up to 30%, increased elongation fourfold, and enhanced toughness by a factor of 4.5.
