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Öğe Anatomy, trichome micromorphology and phytochemical profile of Stachys rizeensis R.Bhattacharjee from Turkey(Elsevier, 2022) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Sahin, Aydan Acar; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Celik, Saffet; Sefali, Abdurrahman; Gidik, Betul; Oz, Gul CevahirIn recent years, the popularity of natural products and natural product formulations has increased due to their beneficial effects on health. As a part of this trend, Lamiaceae family members have attracted attention due to their rich bioactive properties. Although the Stachys rizeensis R.Bhattacharjee plant is an endemic plant species in Turkey, no studies focus on its characterization. Hence, the present study aims to demonstrate the anatomical, morphological and phytochemical characterization of S. rizeensis in Turkey. In the first stage of the study, anatomical and trichome morphological characterization was performed to contribute to the taxonomic definition of S. rizeensis was found to be anatomically different from some other previously studied Stachys sp. by showing lacunar collenchyma type, uncertain cambium at the corners, two or three rows of endodermis in certain areas in the stem and two rows of palisade parenchyma, capitate and peltate glandular trichomes in the leaf. In the second stage, the phenolic profile, total phenolic/flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the plant extracts prepared using solvents with different polarities (ethanol, methanol, water, ethyl acetate and hexane) were tested to determine the phytochemical content of the plant. The phytochem-ical analysis supported by chemometric analysis (PCA and HCA) revealed that methanol was the most efficient organic solvent for the extraction of the phytochemical compounds of the plant. Additionally, it was observed that chlorogenic acid (1842.40-217,086.19 mg/kg), verbascoside (2591.43-204,429.81 mg/kg), luteolin (3579.56-88,636.14 mg/kg) and kaempferol (9706.30-50,340.93 mg/kg) compounds were present at maximum levels in this plant, in which 31 different phenolic compounds were scanned using LC-MS/MS. In addition, results obtained from the phytochemical analysis revealed that S. rizeensis is a valuable plant that can be used for medical protection/treatment and that it could also have a variety of culinary applica-tions. The present study served as the first original report regarding the chemical profile and anatomical characteristics of S. rizeensis (Lamiaceae) from Turkey. (C) 2022 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe The application of deep eutectic solvents for protein extraction from bee bread (Perga)(Elsevier, 2024) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Kutlu, Naciye; Celik, Saffet; Bayram, Sinan; Nur, Fatma; Yildirim, NazlicanBee bread is one of the basic nutrients that bees use as a protein source and is formed as a result of the fermentation of bee pollen. In the last few years, this product has become increasingly recognized and consumed among bee products due to its functional properties. However, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have attracted great interest in recent years as promising green alternatives to replace traditional solvents due to their variable viscosity, low vapor pressure, application-specific adjustability, non-flammability and chemical stability. In this study, bee bread was extracted in 12 different DES with different hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA):hydrogen bond donor (HBD) combinations. The DES combination with the highest total protein content was determined to be choline chloride (ChCl)-urea. Then, ultrasonic extraction conditions were optimized for maximum bioactive extraction in extracts prepared with ChCl-urea. The optimum conditions were found as 31.3 %, 25 min, 35 degrees C for ultrasonic power, extraction time and temperature, respectively. The desirability value (d) of the model was 0.83. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content, total protein content, individual polyphenolics, individual amino acids and individual vitamins as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity tests. According to the results, total protein, total individual amino acids and total individual phenolics were higher in the extracts obtained with ChCl-urea compared to the extract prepared with conventional solvent (ethanol). In conclusion, all these findings showed that ChCl-urea combination can be an alternative to ethanol depending on the structural characteristics of the target compounds to be extracted from bee bread.Öğe Bioactive compounds of deep eutectic solvents extracts of Hypericum perforatum L.: Polyphenolic- organic acid profile by LC-MS/MS and pharmaceutical activity(Elsevier, 2022) Bayram, Sinan; Kutlu, Naciye; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Celik, Saffet; Bayram, Nesrin EcemDeep eutectic solvents (DESs) are known as environmentally-friendly solvents that have emerged as an alter-native to conventional organic solvents in recent years. In this study, the effects of ten different DESs on the extraction of bioactive components from the Hypericum perforatum were investigated. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, phenolic profile (32 phenolics), organic acid profile (52 organic acids), as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of H. perforatum extracts prepared using DESs and ultrasonic-assisted extraction method were determined. Total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities of ex-tracts were determined between 3.10 +/- 0.86-16.64 +/- 2.09 mg GA/g, 0.02 +/- 0.00-12.29 +/- 0.30 mg QE/g, and 8.40 +/- 0.50-44.78 +/- 2.66 mg TE/g, respectively. DES2 (choline chloride:ethylene glycol) and DES7 (choline chloride:lactic acid) demonstrated higher extraction success than other DESs for extracting phenolics and organic acids, respectively. DESs prepared using organic acid as hydrogen bond donor were found to have an antibacterial effect against all bacterial samples. However, the inhibitory effect against yeast-like fungi was observed in a narrower spectrum. Moreover, the results from principal component analysis also confirmed that the type of solvent used for extraction has a significant influence on the phenolics, organic acid, and other parameters. As a result, it was seen that DES components directly affect the extraction efficiency of target compounds from H. perforatum. This is a first and original report about use of DESs in extracting different bioactive components from H. perforatum.Öğe Characterization of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Bayburt honey from the North-east part of Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Kara, Hasan Huseyin; Can, Asli Muslu; Bozkurt, Fatih; Akman, Perihan Kubra; Vardar, Sevgi Umay; cebi, NurThe aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties, bioactive substance content, and microbiological quality of sixty different honey samples collected from twelve different regions of Bayburt, Turkey. The samples were analyzed for their sugar, moisture, total phenolic, total flavonoid contents, and water activity, conductivity, pH values and colour, antiradical activity, and DSC properties. As a result of physicochemical analyses, it was determined that the samples examined complied with the standard values defined in the Turkish Food Codex in terms of the parameters examined. The results of the study showed that the total phenolic content (219.43-768.82 mg GAE kg(-1)), total flavonoid content (31.29-118.7 mg CAE kg(-1)) and DPPH (12.98%-94.79%) parameters differ widely among the honey samples. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to correlate the characteristics of honey with honey samples collected from different regions. This is the first comprehensive and original report about the physicochemical properties of honey produced in Bayburt, a region close to the Anzer region where the most expensive honey, Anzer honey, is produced.Öğe Chemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Effect of Propolis from Hakkari Province of Turkey against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2017) Bayram, Sinan; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Aydogan, Mehmet Nuri; Oz, Gul CevahirThis study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of propolis from Hakkari province of Turkey and its chemical content by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy. In vitro inhibitory activity of propolis was studied by the disc diffusion method against six gram positive, three gram negative bacteria and one yeast like fungi. As a result of chemical analysis, the total flavonoid ratio of the propolis sample was found to be higher than the other compound groups. Pinostrobin chalcone, pinocembrin and chrysin were identified as major flavonoids. Also, all microorganisms tested were susceptible to the propolis extract except for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values were determined by microbroth dilution assay. MIC values against microorganisms ranged from 25 to 200 µg/mL. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that inhibitory effect our propolis sample was somewhat weaker than ampicillin, but it had a broader spectrum.Öğe Chemical Characterization of 64 Propolis Samples from Hakkari, Turkey(2018) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Sorkun, Kadriye; Öz, Gül Cevahir; Salih, Bekir; Topçu, GülaçtıPropolis is a resinous substance produced by honey bees from various plants they visit. Sixty-fourpropolis samples were collected from different localities of four districts (Merkez, Yüksekova, Şemdinli, andÇukurca) in Hakkari territory. Ethanol extracts of the propolis samples were prepared, and their chemicalcontents were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Flavonoids were generallyfound in a high concentration in Şemdinli samples of Turkey. Twenty-seven coumarins were identified in the 28propolis samples among studied 64 ones. Except suberosin, the coumarins were never reported before in anypropolis sample with Turkish origin. The propolis samples belonging to Yüksekova were found to be richer incoumarins than the others, and the most richest one among the Yüksekova apiaries, was found to be Akocaksample (Y2) with 41.99% total yield, followed by Akçalı sample (Y5) (30.86%). This is a first comprehensiveand original report about the chemical profile of propolis samples from Hakkari. The propolis samples fromHakkari exhibited a chemical content rich in flavonoids including coumarins and furocoumarins.Öğe Comparison of bioactive constituents by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and UFLC and in vitro antioxidant activities of blossom honey, bee pollen, and propolis(Springer, 2023) Saroglu, Oeznur; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Ozcelik, BeraatThe aim of this study was to analyze the total phenolic content, phenolic profile, and antioxidant activity of honey, bee pollen, and propolis samples from Turkey's Black Sea Region. The total phenolic content of these bee products was found using Folin-Ciocalteu's method, and their antioxidant capacity was found using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Phenolic compounds of honey samples were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector and mass spectrometer (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS), while phenolic compounds of bee pollen and propolis samples were quantified ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC). The total phenolic values for honey, bee pollen and propolis were 6.32-18.21 mg GAE/100 g, 547.64-769.4 mg GAE/100 gr, and 6096.1-11,564 mg GAE/100 gr, respectively. DPPH and CUPRAC values of honey, pollen and propolis were 11.05-21.38% and 0.38-1.48 & mu;mol Trolox/g; 24.67-38.63% and 0.03-0.05 mmol Trolox/g; 11.81-34.12% and 0.47-0.89 mmol Trolox/g, respectively. About 30 different phenolic compounds were identified as quantitative. Our findings have shown that all bee products examined in the study are found to contain gallic acid, naringenin, and caffeic acid. In terms of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, the bee product extracts were ranked as follows: propolis > bee pollen > honey. The high concentration of phenolic compounds in propolis explains its remarkable antioxidant effect.Öğe COMPARISON OF POLLEN MORPHOLOGIES EXAMINATION OF SOME Rhododendron SPECIES - PLANT SOURCE OF MAD HONEY(2022) Özkök, Aslı; Mayda, Nazlı; Bayram, Nesrin EcemHoney is one of the important natural products used for apitherapeutic purposes as well as food consumption. The authenticity of the products to be used for apitherapy is very important. Botanical origin is one of the most critical factors affecting the characterization of bee products, especially honey. Therefore, melissopalynological analysis is essential in honey samples. In this study, the pollen morphologies of four different Rhododendron taxa, the origin of the monofloral \"Mad honey\" used for apitherapeutic purposes in Turkey, were examined. Five different measurement parameters have been used to investigate the pollen morphology of the plants. As a result, it can be said that pollen morphology has an important place in confirming the botanical origin of “Mad honey”.Öğe Derin Ötektik Çözücüler Kullanılarak Arı Ekmeğinden Biyoaktif Bileşenlerin Ultrasonik Destekli Ekstraksiyonunun Optimizasyonu(2023) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Bayram, Sinan; Gerçek, Yusuf Can; Kantar, Naciye Kutlu; Çelik, Saffet; Baştürk, Fatma Nur; Yıldırım, NazlıcanArı ekmeği arıların protein kaynağı olarak kullandıkları temel besin maddelerinden birisi olup kovan içeresinde arı poleninin fermantasyonu sonucu oluşmaktadır. Bu ürün fonksiyonel özllikleri sebebiyle son birkaç yıldır arı ürünleri arasında bilinilirliği ve tüketimi artan ürünler arasında yerini almıştır. Bununla birlikte, derin ötektik çözücüler (deep eutectic solvent-DES), değişken viskoziteleri, uygulamaya özel ayarlanabilirlikleri, alev almazlıkları, düşük buhar basınçları ve kimyasal kararlılıkları nedeniyle geleneksel çözücülerin yerini alacak umut verici yeşil alternatifler olarak son yıllarda büyük ilgi görmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, arı ekmeği örneği farklı hidrojen bağ alıcısı (HBA):hidrojen bağ donörü (HBD) kombinasyonlarına sahip olan 10 farklı DES?de ekstrakte edilmiş ve en yüksek toplam protein içeriğine sahip DES kombinasyonunun kolin klorid (ChCl)-üre olduğu belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra ChCl-üre ile hazırlanan ekstraktlarda maksimum biyoakif madde ekstraksiyonu için ultrasonik ekstraksiyon koşulları optmize edilmiştir. Yanıt yüzey yöntemi ile yapılan optimizasyon sonucunda optimum koşullar; ultrasonik güç için %31.3, ekstraksiyon süresi için 25 dk ve sıcaklık için 35 °C olarak bulunmuştur. Modelin arzu edilebilirlik değeri ise (d) 0.83 olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen ekstraktlarda toplam fenolik madde, toplam protein içerik, bireysel fenolik madde, bireysel amino asit içerik ve bireysel vitamin içerik analzilerinin yanı sıra antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivite testleri gerçekleştirlmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre toplam protein, toplam bireysel amino asit ve toplam bireysel fenolik içerik, ChCl-üre ile elde edilen ekstraktlarda geleneksel çözücü (etanol) ile hazırlanan ekstrakta kıyasla daha yüksek oranda tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen tüm bu bulgular arı ekmeğinden ekstrakte edilmek istenen hedef bileşiklerin yapısal özelliklerine bağlı olarak ChCl-üre kombinasyonunun etanole alternatif olabileceğini göstermiştir.Öğe The Effect of Different Drying Methods on Bioactive and Nutrition Contents of Bee Bread and Mathematical Modeling of Drying Characteristics(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Kutlu, Naciye; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Nesrin EcemIn this study, the aim was to determine the effect of different drying methods (with microwave and hot air) on the color, nutrient and bioactive contents of fresh bee bread. Drying characteristics were also investigated. Microwave and hot air drying were applied at different microwave powers and temperatures, respectively. Lower moisture ratios and highest effective diffusion coefficients were obtained with microwave drying in a shorter time. The Midilli model was found to be the most suitable thin-layer drying model for both methods. Regardless of the drying conditions, moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid proportions were observed to vary in the ranges of 4.9-8.2 %, 1.61-2.67 %, 17.47-32.54 %, 39.92-60.84 %, and 7.10-8.89 %, respectively. The lowest color difference was obtained for the sample dried at 210 W. As a result, it was determined that microwave drying is more suitable for preserving the nutritional and bioactive content of bee bread during drying.Öğe Effects of processing methods and extraction solvents on the chemical content and bioactive properties of propolis(Springer, 2020) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Togar, BasakThe aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive properties of propolis extract prepared using different solvents and different extraction methods. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the differences between their antibacterial activities were evaluated by disc diffusion method. At the same time, bioactive properties of different concentrations of propolis extracts were investigated on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The proliferative effects and cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analyzes, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative status (TOS) parameters were used in assessing biochemical effects in the HUVEC cell line. The DNA damage was also analyzed by 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level as indicators of genotoxicity. As a result of the MTT analysis conducted within the scope of the present study, the extracts tested were sorted as 95% ethanol extract of propolis (PEE95) > ultrasonic ethanol extract of propolis (PUEE) > 50% ethanol extract of propolis (PEE50) > ultrasonic water extract of propolis (PUWE) in terms of the effectiveness of their cell viabilities. It was observed that high concentrations of PEE95 induced LDH release. In addition to this, our findings have shown that PEE50, PUEE and PUWE increased oxidative stress at high concentrations. According to 8-OH-dG analysis, all tested extracts were found to be non-genotoxic. The results obtained from antibacterial activity and minimum inhibition concentration tests showed that PUEE and PEE95 had stronger antibacterial effects than PEE50 and PUWE. All these results indicated that propolis has beneficial effects for human health and therefore it is a valuable product which can be used as a food supplement.Öğe Evaluation of lavender essential oils and by-products using microwave hydrodistillation and conventional hydrodistillation(Nature Research, 2024) Kırkıncı, Seran; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Baştürk, Fatma Nur; Yıldırım, Nazlıcan; Gıdık, Betül; Bayram, Nesrin EcemThis study investigated the impact of two extraction methods, traditional hydrodistillation (TDH) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAH), on the essential oil yield and chemical profile of Lavandula angustifolia L., as well as the bioactive potential of the resulting wastewater. Essential oil composition was analyzed via GC–MS, revealing similar qualitative and quantitative profiles for both methods, with ?-terpinolene and (–)borneol as major constituents. Wastewater analysis via LC–MS/MS and spectrophotometric assays demonstrated the presence of significant total phenolic content (3.29–1.78 mg GAE/g) and 32 individual phenolics (463.1 µg/kg for TDH; 479.33 µg/kg for MAH). These findings suggest that both essential oil and wastewater obtained by either method possess considerable bioactive potential, with the MAH method potentially offering advantages over TDH for essential oil extraction. Further exploration of wastewater applications in various industrial sectors is warranted. © The Author(s) 2024.Öğe Extraction of Functional Compounds from Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) by Deep Eutectic Solvents at Different Properties(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Gercek, Yusuf Can; Kutlu, Naciye; Celik, Saffet; Gidik, Betul; Bayram, Sinan; Bayram, Nesrin EcemIn this study, it was aimed to examine the capacity of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different contents to extract bioactive compounds from tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) plant. For this reason, the total phenolic-flavonoid content, total proanthocyanidin content and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of the prepared DES extracts were investigated, as well as the individual phenolic and individual amino acid profiles. According to the results, DES10 had the highest efficiency in terms of its capacity to extract individual phenolics (approximately 59 mg/100 g) and individual amino acids (approximately 2500 mg/kg), and also gave a higher yield compared to ethanol (approximately 44 mg/100 g for individual phenolics and about 19810 mg/kg for individual amino acids) and methanol (approximately 58 mg/100 g for individual phenolics and approximately 21430 mg/kg for individual amino acids). However, the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity values of DES extracts were determined between 59.09-77.50 mg GAE/100 g, 28.68-45.55 mg GAE/100 g and 42.96-146.86 mg TE/100 g, respectively. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these green solvents, which are known as environmentally friendly, as an alternative to organic solvents in the process of preparing extracts of this important medicinal plant in different areas.Öğe Extraction of Phenolic Compounds From Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) Plant by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent and Greenness Assessment of Analytical Method With Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Yenigun, Baran; Gercek, Yusuf CanIn recent years, it has been important in terms of green technology and sustainability to promote the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), especially those based on natural products, for the extraction of bioactive components with different functional properties from foods. Therefore, in this study, the effects of green extraction technology (ultrasonic-assisted extraction) and green solvents (NADESs) on the recovery of bioactive components from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) were investigated and evaluated. In addition, the degree of greenness of the analytical method used during the study was determined using the modified green analytical procedure index (MoGAPI). In this context, the total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity, and individual polyphenolic profiles of lavender extracts prepared with two different NADES were investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometer. Based on the results obtained, it was determined that NADES formed with choline chloride:formic acid (ChCl:FA) had a higher potential to extract bioactive components from lavender than NADES formed with ChCl:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG). The TPC, antioxidant capacity, and total individual polyphenolic compound content of lavender extracted with these NADES were determined as 9.76 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 20.83-104.39 mg Trolox equivalent/g, and 200.835 mg/kg, respectively. However, the degree of greenness determined by the MoGAPI tool of the analytical method used in this study was 78% and classified as 'excellent green'. As a result, it can be concluded that NADES formed with ChCl:FA can be an alternative to conventional solvents for the extraction of bioactive components from lavender, as it provides a remarkable recovery of bioactive substances.Öğe Fabrication of propolis loaded electrosprayed nanoparticles(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Ozmen, Duygu; Karakas, Canan Yagmur; Yilmaz, Azime; Dertli, Enes; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Yilmaz, Mustafa Tahsin[Abstract Not Available]Öğe in vitro Bakteriyel Test Sistemleri Kullanılarak Propolisin Genotoksisite ve Antigenotoksisitesinin Değerlendirilmesi(TÜRKİYE KALKINMA VAKFI, 2015) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Karadayı, Mehmet; Güllüce, Medine; Bayram, Sinan; Sorkun, Kadriye; Öz, Gül Cevahir; Salih, BekirPropolis (arı tutkalı) yüzyıllardır terapötik bir ajan olarak yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Farmakolojik ve biyolojik özelliklerinden dolayı bu konu üzerindeki bilimsel ilgi son yıllarda giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, propolisin ethanol ekstraktının (EEP) kimyasal komposizyonunu belirlemek ve ayrıca Ames/Salmonella ve E. coli WP2 test sistemlerini kullanarak propolisin genotoksik ve antigenotoksik etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Canlılık testlerinden elde edilen sonuçlar, EEP'nin 1mg/plate ve daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarının oldukça toksik olduğunu, daha düşük konsantrasyonların ise toksik etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Genotoksisite test sonuçları ise, EEP'nin 1 mg/plate ve daha düşük konsantrasyonlarda, S. typhimurium TA1535, 1537 ve E. coli WP2uvrA test suşları için genotoksik etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, aynı test suşları için mutajen etkiye sahip NaN3 , 9-AA and MNNG gibi mutajenlere karşı EEP'nin, belirgin bir şekilde antigenotoksik etkiye sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.Öğe KESTANE (Castanea sativa) BALI ÖRNEKLERİNİN BOTANİK ORİJİNLERİNİN DOĞRULANMASI VE TOPLAM POLEN SAYILARI(2021) Özkök, Aslı; Bayram, Nesrin EcemBu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Zonguldak ilinin farklı lokasyonlarından toplanan bal örneklerinin (n=9) botanik orijinlerinin palinolojik analizle tespit edilmesi ve toplam polen sayılarının saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Ek olarak toplanan bal örneklerinin Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bal Tebliği (No:2020/7)’nde kestane balı numuneleri için verilen polen içeriği kriteri ile uyumluluğu tartışılmıştır. Melissopalinolojik analizler neticesinde bal örnekleri kestane balı (n=7), karışık çiçek balı (n=2) ve geven balı (n=1) olarak etiketlenmiştir. Kestane balı olarak tespit edilen örneklerin 10 gr baldaki toplam polen sayısı (TPS-10) 41722-647312 arasında saptanmış olup bu bal örneklerinin çok iyi, iyi ve normal kalitede bal örnekleri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca elde edilen sonuçlar kestane balı olarak toplanan bal örneklerinin %33’ünün ulusal gıda kodeksinde kestane botanik orijinine sahip unifloral bal tipleri için rapor edilen minimum polen içeriğine sahip olmadığını göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar özellikle ülkemizde diğer polifloral çiçek ballarına kıyasla daha yüksek fiyata satılan kestane gibi unifloral bal tipleri için botanik orijin tespit analizinin zorunlu hale getirilmesinin haksız rekabetin önlenmesi açısından ne denli önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, ülkemizde üretilen fakat minimum polen içeriği Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bal Tebliği (No:2020/7)’nde belirtilmeyen lavanta ve çörekotu gibi farklı tipte unifloral çiçek balları için de melissopalinolojik çalışmaların yürütülerek polen içeriği değerlerinin belirlenmesi önemli görülmektedir.Öğe Macronutrient and micronutrient levels and phenolic compound characteristics of monofloral honey samples(Vup Food Research Inst, Bratislava, 2020) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Canli, Deniz; Gercek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Celik, Saffet; Guzel, Fatma; Morgil, HandeThis study aimed to obtain data on specific properties of various monofloral honey samples. Palynological, phenolic component, macroelemental and microelemental analyses were conducted and antimicrobial activities of honey samples were determined. In addition, protocatechuic acid for pine, lavender (from Isparta), heather (from Mugla) and cedar honey; gallic acid for carob, oak, lavender (from Antalya), chestnut, sandalwood and heather (from Antalya) honey; caffeic acid for linden, astragalus, chaste honey; syringic acid for rhododendron honey and the quercetin compound for cornelian cherry-citrus honey were observed to be dominant. As a result of the elemental analyses performed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, it was determined that elemental profiles of all of the honey samples differed, and the total ratio of macrominerals sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was the highest in the oak honey and the lowest in the cornelian cherry-citrus honey. According to antibacterial activity test results, Gram-negative bacteria were found to be more resistant to the honey samples compared to Gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, the results of this study confirmed that the origin (blossom or honeydew) and plant source of the honey samples had an effect on their elemental content, phenolic component and antimicrobial activity.Öğe Major Constituents of Different Propolis Samples(2017) Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Gerçek, Yusuf CanPropolis is a resinous material collected from plant by honey bees. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition of Hakkari (Turkey) propolis. For this, eight propolis samples collected from different geographical locations were extracted in ethanol and then chemical content of samples were detected by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, hydrocarbons, aliphatic acids and their esters, carboxylic acids and their esters, cinnamic acids and their esters, flavonoids, alcohols and terpens were determined in propolis samples. It was found that total flavonoid content of propolis 6 (P6) was significantly higher than other samples. Also, ‘Ethyl oleate’ compound was identified in all samples with different amounts.Öğe Melissopalynological Analysis for Geographical Marking of Kars Honey(2018) Gençay, Ömür Çelemli; Özenirler, Çiğdem; Bayram, Nesrin Ecem; Zare, Golshan; Sorkun, KadriyeBu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde bulunan Kars İli'nde üretilen balların coğrafi işaretlenmesi için gerekli bir aşama olan melissopalinolojik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda sekiz ilçeden, örnekleme metoduna göre yapılan istatistiksel analizlerle tespit edilen 100 bal örneğinin mikroskobik analizleri gerçekleştirilerek Kars balına kaynaklık eden nektarlı bitkiler tespit edilmiştir. Bu amaçla melissopalinolojik analizleri yapılan 100 adet örnek balda; Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Betulaceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cistaceae, Cyperaceae, Dipsacaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae ve Scrophulariaceae familyalarına ait taksonların polenleri değişik oranlarda tespit edilmiştir. Fabaceae familyasından Lotus corniculatus (99 örnek), Onobrychis radiata (99 örnek), Trifolium nigrescens (88 örnek), Boraginaceae familyasından Echium vulgaris (81 örnek) ve Myosotis lithoospermifolia (15 örnek) taksonlarına ait polenlere hemen hemen tüm bal örneklerinde rastlanılmış (dominant, sekonder, minör, eser) olmakla birlikte bu türler içinde de en yoğun olarak Onobrychis radiata polenleri gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, melissopalinolojik analizler sırasında, ballarda polen teşhisinin yanı sıra 10 gram baldaki toplam polen sayısı (TPS-10) değerleri de hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplamalar sonucunda minimum: 226, maximum: 481157 ve ortalama: 31678 TPS-10 değerleri elde edilerek balların polence zenginlikleri belirtilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma ile arıcılık için floral zenginliğiyle önemli bir il olan Kars'ın ballarına ait coğrafi işaret çalışmalarının ilk basamağı gerçekleştirilmiştir.
