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Öğe Adverse Effects of Commonly Used Acaricides on the Reproductive Physiology of Drone Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)(Gökhan ARSLAN, 2025) Erdoğan, YaşarThis study evaluated the adverse effects of three widely used commercial acaricides (amitraz, flumethrin, and formic acid) on the reproductive physiology and quality parameters of drones (Apis mellifera caucasica), commonly used for the control of the destructive pest, Varroa destructor. The experiment was conducted on 20 colonies at the Bayburt University Beekeeping Application and Research Station during the spring-summer of 2025. The acaricides were applied to different experimental groups shortly before the drone cells were capped. Key reproductive quality parameters including body weight, sexual maturity rate, sperm viability, sperm concentration, and semen volume were assessed. The results showed that all three acaricide applications had statistically significant negative effects (p<0.05) on all measured reproductive parameters. Notably, the amitraz and formic acid treatments caused the most significant decreases in sperm viability and sperm concentration. Furthermore, compared to the control group, significant reductions were observed in both sexual maturity rates and drone body weights. The amitraz treatment group, in particular, exhibited the lowest sperm concentration (0.90±0.04×106/?L), a finding that aligns with the most substantial decrease in body weight (52.24 mg lower than the control). These findings clearly demonstrate that the common acaricidal compounds used against Varroa mites pose potential physiological and reproductive risks to drone. This highlights a critical concern for sustainable beekeeping, especially in queen bee rearing programs, and underscores the need for careful consideration of treatment methods and timing.Öğe Determination of Color and Odor Preferences of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.)(2022) Erdoğan, Yaşar; Yavuz, KaniThis study was carried out in the beekeeping research area of Bayburt University in order to\rdetermine the effect of odor and color on plant preference of honeybees in 2021. The experimental\rsetup was established at a distance of 200 meters from the apiary where 80 Caucasian bees (Apis\rmellifera caucasica) colonies are located. As a result of the study, the most preferred feeders were\rthe control group (pure sucrose syrup) (9.81 pieces), and the least preferred feeders were the rose-\rscent group (2.58). The effect of odor on honeybees' feed preferences varied according to months.\rConsidering the effect of months on honeybees' visits to their feeders, the most visited feeders were\rMelissa (6.8) in June, control (11.69) in July, and control (14.58) in August. The highest number of\rfeeder visits by honeybees was in August (9.24), and the lowest (2.89) in June. Considering the\rcolor preferences of honeybees, the most visited forage color was blue (5.98) and the least red was\r4.89. The effect of colors on the feed preferences of honeybees also varied according to the months.\rThe highest visitor bee average was found in the blue colored feeder (4.53) in June, the green\rcolored feeder (7.24) in July, and the yellow and blue colored feeders (7.29) in August.Öğe Doğu Anadolu Koşullarında Farklı Balarısı (Apis mellifera L.) Genotiplerinin Davranış Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi(2018) Cengiz, Mahir Murat; Erdoğan, YaşarBu çalışmada, Doğu Anadolu koşullarında Buckfast, Karniyol, Kafkas ve Erzurum genotiplerinin hırçınlık, yağmacılık ve oğul eğilimi belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada 2015 yılı üretim döneminde 10’ar adet Kafkas, Karniyol, Buckfast ve Erzurum genotipine mensup toplam 40 adet koloni kullanılmıştır. Kafkas genotipi 6,22±0,65 adet/koloni ortalama iğne sayısı ile en sakin genotipi oluştururken, Erzurum genotipi 12,12±1,08 adet/koloni ortalama iğne sayısı ile en hırçın genotipi oluşturmuştur. Genotiplerin ortalama iğne sayılarına uygulanan varyans analizi sonucunda hırçınlık eğilimi yönünden genotipler arasındaki farklılık çok önemli bulunmuştur. Yağmacılık eğilimi bakımından Buckfast genotipi 1,57±0,17 adet değerle ilk sırada yer alırken, Karniyol 0,62±0,16 adet değerle yağmacılık eğiliminin en düşük olduğu genotip olmuştur. Oğul eğilimi bakımından genotipler arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur.Öğe Doğu Anadolu-Türkiye Koşullarında Farklı Bal Arısı (Apis mellifera L.)Genotiplerinin Kışlama Yeteneği ve Koloni Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması(2017) Cengiz, Mahir Murat; Erdoğan, YaşarBu çalışmada, Doğu Anadolu koşullarında Buckfast, Karniyol, Kafkas ve Erzurum genotiplerinin kışlama yeteneği ve bazı fizyolojik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada Langstroth tipi ahşap kovanlardaki güçleri eşitlenmiş kolonilerden 2014 yılı kışlatma döneminde Buckfast, Karniol, Kafkas ve Erzurum bal arısı genotiplerinin her birinden 12'şer olmak üzere toplam 48 adet koloni kışlatmaya alınmıştır. 2015 yılı üretim döneminde ise 11'er adet Buckfast, Karniol, Erzurum ve 10 adet de Kafkas genotipine mensup toplam 43 adet koloni kullanılmıştır. Üretim sezonunda genotip grupların ortalama arılı çerçeve sayıları sırasıyla 11.720.63, 12.170.62, 9.520.51 ve 10.720.55 adet/koloni; ortalama kuluçka alanları 2713.7237.9, 2797.6238.3, 2036.5166.4, 2364.3197.2 cm2/koloni olarak bulunmuştur (19.04.2015-4.10.2015). Arılı çerçeve sayısı ve kuluçka alanı bakımından gruplar arasındaki fark istatistiksel açıdan önemli (P0.01) bulunmuştur. Grupların ortalama bal verimleri; 28.082.37, 29.942.17, 19.282.13 ve 23.362.15 kg/koloni olarak belirlenmiştir. Bal verimleri bakımından gruplar arasındaki fark istatistiksel açıdan önemli (P0.05) bulunmuştur.Öğe EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD DERIVED FROM ELECTRIC FENCE SYSTEM ON SPERM ACTIVITIES OF HONEYBEES (Apis mellifera L.)(2025) Erdoğan, YaşarThis study investigated the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from electric fence systems on physiological and reproductive parameters of male honeybees (Apis mellifera caucasica). The study was conducted between May and August 2024 at the Bayburt University Beekeeping Application and Research Center, with five experimental groups. Hives were positioned at varying distances (1–2.5 m) from the fence. The findings showed that the average body weight (245.4 mg), sexual maturity rate (58.56%), and sperm concentration (0.87 ± 0.04 × 10 ?/µL) of drones closest to the electric fence were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The electric field effect was limited in groups at greater distances, with statistically insignificant differences in some parameters. No significant differences were found between groups in sperm volume. Results demonstrate that electric fields from fence systems suppress developmental processes and reproductive physiology of drones in a distance-dependent manner. Lower body weight, decreased sperm concentration, and proportion of mature males in colonies near the fence show electromagnetic stress is a significant risk for bee health. Future studies should examine the effects of electromagnetic fields at different frequencies and strengths on larval development, sperm morphology, oxidative stress markers, and gene expression profiles.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF MEDICAL AND AROMATIC PLANT EXTRACTS ONSOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HONEYBEE (APISMELLIFERA L.) COLONIES(2020) Erdoğan, Yaşar; Cengiz, Mahir MuratIn this study, the effects of extracts obtained from medicinal and aromatic plants added to syrups used to feeding honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies on some physiological characteristics of colonies were investigated. The experiment was carried out on 6 groups of 5 colonies. These groups are syrup (S), syrup + Urtica dioica (SU), Syrup + Melissa officinalis (SM), Syrup + Hypericum perforatum (SH), Syrup + Achillea millefolium (SA) and syrup + Thymus serpyllum (ST). As a result of the research, the sealed brood area data were determined as 3013.24±1939.26, 3107.00±2060.42, 3270.81±2194.80, 3091.20±1962.69, 3273.90±2095.49 and 3613.06±2348.27 cm2 in S, SU, SM, SH, SA, ST groups, respectively. When we compare the honey yields of the experimental groups, according to group S, SU increased by 18.48%, SM 43.10%, SH 16.04%, SA 27.35% and ST 53.86%. Therefore, syrup + medicinal and aromatic plant extract mixture given to honey bee colonies may have a positive effect on colony development and honey yield.Öğe Flowers of Çoruh Valley(2017) Çakmakçı, Ramazan; Aslantaş, Rafet; Erdoğan, Yaşar; Erdoğan, ÜmmügülsümÇoruh havzası bitki, flora-fauna, yaban hayatı ve ekosistemler bakımından önemli bir biyolojik çeşitliliğe sahiptir. Bu yöre, çiçekçilik, ekoturizm ve botanik turizmi bakımından önemli olabilecek yerel çeşitler, yabani ve otsu birlikler, yabani türler, otsu ve çiçekli ağaçlar, otsu çiçekli bitkiler, tıbbi aromatik ve çiçekli ve çalımsı süs bitki türlerince zengindir. Bölgede birçok önemli tıbbi ve aromatik ve süs bitkisi türü bulunmakta ve doğal olarak yetişmektedir. Bölgede yaygın olarak yetişen Achillea, Acantholimon, Alkanna, Allium, Amygdalus, Angelica, Anemone, Anthemis, Arabis, Arctium, Artemisia, Asparagus, Asperula, Astragalus, Calamintha, Calendula, Calutea, Campanula, Capparis, Cardamine, Centaurea, Cephalanthera, Cephalaria, Chelidonium, Chenopodium, Chysanthemum, Colchicum, Consolida, Coriandrum, Cornus, Coronilla, Cerasus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Crocus, Cyclamen, Dactylorhiza, Digitalis, Dianthus, Draba, Echinops, Equisetum, Ferula, Filipendula, Fritillaria, Fumaria, Gagea, Galanthus, Galium, Genista, Gentiana, Geranium, Geum, Gladiolus, Glychirrza, Helichrysum, Hesperis, Hypericum, İnula, İris, Isatis, Juniperus, Lilium, Linaria, Linum, lysimachia, Malus, Malva, Marrubium, Melissa, Mentha, Micromeria, Morina, Muscari, Mysotis, Narcissus, Neotchichatchewia, Nepeta, Onobrychis, Orchis, Ornithogalum, Origanum, Paeonia, Papaver, Pedicularis, Peganum, Phelypaea, Platanthera, Plantago, Pilosella, Pelargonium, Potentilla, Polygonum, Polygala, Primula, Punica, Prunus, Pyrus, Ranunculus, Rhamnus, Rhododendron, Rhus, Rosa, Rubia, Rubus, Rumex, Salvia, Sambucus, Satureja, Scilla, Scorzonera, Scutellaria, Sedum, Sempervivum, Sideritis, Sophora, Sorbus, Stachys, Tanecetum, Teucrium, Thymus, Trigonella, Tulipa, Tussilago, Uechtriitzia, Vaccinium, Verbascum, Verbena, Veronica, Viburnum ve Ziziphora türleri ekonomik olarak değerlendirilebilir.Öğe Physicochemical Properties of Honey Produced at Different Altitudes(2022) Erdoğan, Yaşar; Turan, MetinThe types and densities of honeyed plants vary depending on the altitude. This causes the amount\rand Physicochemical structure of honey produced in apiaries of different altitudes to change. In this\rstudy, honey harvest from the honeybee colonies placed at different altitudes in the same\rgeographical region was carried out in the first week of September. Standard laboratory methods\rwere used to determine some physicochemical properties of the honey samples. Some of the\rminimum and maximum average values obtained as a result of the analysis of honey samples;\rmoisture 14.70% and 18.60%, free acidity 20.50 meq/kg and 25.30 meq/kg, pH 3.20 and 4.30, EC\r0.22 and 0.44 mS/cm, fructose 32% to 45%, glucose 0.10% to 0.18%, sucrose from 0.66% 1.80%,\rmaltose ranged from 0.66% to 1.80%. Also, HMF ranged from 1.80 mg/kg to 3.50 mg/kg, proline\r530.00 mg/kg and 710.00 mg/kg, Density from 1.44 g/cm3 to 1.49 g/cm3, Invertase 20.30 U/kg-\r28.50 U/kg, Diastase activity 13.23-19.07 and Total phenolic content ranged from 76.00-94.00 g.\rIt has been determined that the physicochemical structures of honey produced at different heights\rare statistically different from each other. This study aims to determine the effect of altitude\rdifference on the quantity and physicochemical structure of honeyÖğe RAKIM FARKININ BALLARIN BAZI KİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ(Bayburt University, 2022) Erdoğan, Yaşar; Çıvracı, SadikBallı bitkilerin türleri ve yoğunlukları rakıma bağlı olarak değişir. Bu da farklı rakımlardaki kovanlarda üretilen balın miktarının ve fizikokimyasal yapısının değişmesine neden olur. Bu çalışmada Eylül ayının ilk haftasında aynı havza içerisinde, farklı rakımlara yerleştirilmiş bal arısı kolonilerinden bal hasadı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Alınan bal örneklerinin bazı fizikokimyasal özelliklerini belirlemek için standart laboratuvar yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bal örneklerinin analizleri sonucunda elde edilen minimum ve maksimum ortalama değerlerden bazıları; nem %15,60 ve %19,70, serbest asitlik 20,10 meq/kg ve 25,90 meq/kg, pH 3,20 ve 4,30, EC 0,20 ve 0,41 mS/cm, früktoz %31 - %45, glikoz %19,70 - %26,60, sakaroz %0,13 %0,19, maltoz %0,86 ile %1,97 arasında değişmiştir. Farklı yüksekliklerde üretilen balların fizikokimyasal yapılarının istatistiksel olarak birbirinden farklı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, yükselti farkının balın miktar ve fizikokimyasal yapısına etkisini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır.Öğe Sustainability Organic Agriculture and Livestock Production with Respect to European Union in Eastern Anatolia and East Black Sea Regions(2016) Aksakal, Vecihi; Haşimoğlu, Sümer; Bayram, Bahri; Dellal, Gürsel; Erdoğan, Yaşar; Altun, Hilal Ürüşan; Cengiz, Mahir MuratThe majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatoliaare still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country's gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular.Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestockproducers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default.It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.Öğe The Effect of Ambient Temperature in Strawberry Fields on the Activities of Honeybees and Native Pollinator Bees(Bülent VEREP, 2026) Erdoğan, Ümmügülsüm; Erdoğan, YaşarIncreasing temperatures due to global climate change significantly affect bee activity patterns and plant pollination efficiency. This study investigated the effect of ambient temperature on the activity of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and native pollinator bee species in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fields. Observations were made by recording the frequency of visits to flowers by different bee species in temperature ranges between 12–22°C. The findings show that A. mellifera was observed across all temperature ranges, and its activity level increased significantly as temperature increased. Among the native species, Lasioglossum spp. and Halictus quadricinctus were active in narrower temperature ranges, while Eristalis tenax showed its highest activity at higher temperatures. In general, honeybees have a wide thermal tolerance, while native bee species operate in more limited temperature ranges. These results suggest that native bee communities face a risk of decreasing their pollination services with the progression of climate change, and that protecting these species is important for agricultural sustainability.Öğe THE EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON THEIR ACHIEVEMENT(Bayburt University, 2023) Erdoğan, Yaşar; Çıvracı, SadıkHoneybees use the geomagnetic field for navigation and location determination. This study was carried out at Bayburt University Beekeeping Research and Application Station in 2022 to determine the effects of the magnetic field on honey bees. In the study, the effect of Electro Magnetic Field (EMF) on the ability of honey bees to find the feeding place and the waiting time in the feeding box (BK) was determined. Helmholtz coil was used as the electromagnetic field source. Electro Magnetic field values of the coils were fixed as 0 µT, 25 µT, 75 µT, 125 µT, 175 µT. Feeding containers (Petri dishes) filled with 1/1 sugar syrup were placed in the centers of the Helmholtz coils. The most visited application was BK1 (0 ?T) (average 20.06±0.76 bees) and the least visited application was BK5 (175 ?T) (average 11.53±0.63 bees). Bees in the control group application BK1 (0 ?T) were able to wait an average of 34.26±7.08 seconds here, and in the U5 (175?T) feeding containers where the magnetic field was applied at the highest level, they were able to wait for a very short time, such as 12.61 seconds on average. As a result of this study, it was seen that honey bees were greatly affected by the electromagnetic field.Öğe THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON HONEY BEES AND BEEKEEPING(Bayburt Üniversitesi, 2024) Acar, Veli; Erdoğan, YaşarClimate and environmental change is one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century. Extreme weather conditions and natural disasters have caused great harm to honey bees. It is clear that climate and environmental change will be a very important stress factor for bee colonies and beekeepers, increasing bee colony losses and decreasing income levels. In this study, we propose the main challenges that beekeepers will face in the future due to the changing climate and some precautions that should be taken (beekeepers moving to pollen-rich areas, providing additional food supplements to colonies, providing clean water sources, changing the type of hives, afforestation in the apiary, changing the harvest time). In addition, beekeepers face serious constraints and by integrating climate conditions with existing knowledge and local practices, we can strengthen beekeepers' adaptive capacity.Öğe TÜRKİYE ARICILIĞINDA VERİM DÜŞÜKLÜĞÜNÜN SEBEPLERİ(Bayburt University, 2022) Dodoloğlu, Ahmet; Erdoğan, YaşarÜlkemizdeki arıcıların önemli bir kısmı arıların bakım ve beslenmesi, yemleme teknikleri, arı hastalık ve zararlıları, arıların biyolojisi, kışlatma kayıplarının azaltılması, kaliteli ana arı yetiştiriciliği ve arı ıslahı gibi konularda yeterli teknik bilgilere sahip değildir. Ekolojik koşullar arıcılığa çok uygun olmasına rağmen, arıcıların arı yönetimiyle ilgili yanlış uygulamaları nedeniyle her yıl çok sayıda koloni sönmekte ve yaşayabilenlerde verim çok düşük olmaktadır. Başka bir ifade ile modern arıcılıkta yüksek verim almak için arıcıların; eğitim, kayıt tutma (ıslah), damızlık ana arı yetiştiriciliği, bakım besleme ve hastalıklar gibi konularda yeterli donanıma sahip olması gerekmektedir. Bunun için arıcıların eğitimi birinci elden yani konunun uzmanları tarafından verilmelidir. Arıcılar arılıkta yapmış oldukları her türlü faaliyetlerini kayıt altına almalıdır.
