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    Application of Synthetic-based Furniture Varnish to Various Wood Species: Comparison of Color Parameters
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2025) Ulay, Goksel; Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit
    Synthetic-based furniture varnish (colorless and glossy) was applied in two coats using a brush to the following wood types: lemon (Citrus limon (L.) surfaces were compared. The analysis of variance results for all color parameters revealed significant effects for wood type, varnish application, and their interaction. When the AE* values derived from color formulas were sorted from the lowest to the highest, they were ordered as follows: lemon, black pine, kotibe, loquat, and iroko. After varnish application, decreases in L* values were observed across all wood types, while increases in b* and C* values were detected. In black pine wood, the a* and h degrees values increased. Additionally, for iroko, loquat, and kotibe woods, there was an increase in the a* parameter, while h degrees values decreased for these wood types. Overall, the varnish application resulted in color changes in the wood materials.
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    Comparison of Color Parameters in Layers of Yacht Varnish, Waxy Varnish, and Stone Varnish Applied to Various Wood Species
    (Inst Technol Drewna, 2024) Ayata, Umit; Peker, Huseyin
    In this study, solvent-based yacht varnish, stone varnish, and waxy varnish were applied in two coats using a brush, following industrial application standards, to the surfaces of the following tree species: black alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.), curupay (Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth.), iatandza (Albizia ferruginea), lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.), magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), plane (Platanus orientalis L.), sucupira (Bowdichia nitida Benth.), and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Subsequently, the color parameters (b*, C*, L*, a*, ho, triangle E*, triangle H*, triangle b*, triangle C*, triangle a*, and triangle L*) of the varnish layers were compared with those of the untreated surfaces. The results of analysis of variance revealed significant differences in all color parameters. Decreases in L* values and increases in a* values were observed for all wood types when treated with three different varnishes. Additionally, in plane, black alder, and hornbeam wood, application of all varnishes resulted in increases in b* and C* values, with decreases in ho values. In sucupira wood, however, decreases were observed in b*, C*, and ho values with the application of all three varnishes. It was observed that a single type of varnish yielded different results on different wood types. This finding was attributed to the different types of resins present in the varnish types used in the study, which resulted in varying outcomes.
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    Effect of Calcium Lignosulfonate Additive on Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of High-Density Fiberboard
    (Inst Technol Drewna, 2024) Camlibel, Osman; Ayata, Umit; Peker, Huseyin
    Calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) (C20H24CaO10S2) is widely used in various industries today, including wood, construction, food, agriculture, and textiles. There are currently few studies on the addition of CLS chemicals to various fiberboards. This study was designed to explore the outcomes of the interaction between CLS and the boards, with the aim of expanding the potential applications of this chemical. We incorporated CLS at varying percentages (6%, 8%, and 10%) as an adhesive additive in high-density fiberboard (HDF) produced using urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in a laboratory setting. We assessed its impact on several physical properties - thickness swelling (TS), density, and water absorption (WA) - and mechanical properties: modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and surface soundness (SS). A control group was created using prepared boards, enabling the comparison of results between boards made with and without CLS additives. According to the results of a multivariate analysis of variance, the CLS percentage showed no significant effect on density, MOE, and SS. However, it significantly influenced TS, WA, IB, and MOR, resulting in reductions of 4-12% for SS, 6-12% for MOR, and 2-22% for IB, while increasing TS by 20-130%, WA by 25-84%, and MOE by 1-3%. It was observed that the use of CLS led to differing results in the tests conducted on the produced HDF materials.
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    Effect of Thermal Modification and Picture Varnish Application on Color Change of Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) Wood
    (Lukasiewicz Research Network, Poznan Inst Technology, 2025) Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit; Ulay, Goksel
    Scots pine is one of the important tree species used by the wood processing industry in many countries for both interior and exterior applications. It is well known that thermal treatment alters the color of wood. To protect wood from outdoor environmental conditions, certain chemicals are applied to its surface. These protective chemicals also influence the color of thermally treated wood. In this study, the color-altering effect of picture varnish (refined linseed oil), commonly used as a protective chemical in the field of painting, was investigated on both thermally treated and untreated wood materials. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples were subjected to thermal treatment at 212 degrees C for 2 h. Following this, varnish made from refined linseed oil was applied to some of these samples and some untreated samples, with the remaining untreated samples used as controls. Color and whiteness index (WI*) values were analyzed on the resulting four different materials, and the results were compared. Analysis of variance showed significant effects for the factors of heat treatment, picture varnish application, and their interaction, on WI* (& boxV; and perpendicular to), a*, L*, ho, b*, and C* values. In the non-heat-treated samples, the application of varnish resulted in reductions in WI* values in both directions and in L* values, while increases were observed in ho, b*, C*, and a* values. Additionally, the application of varnish to the heat-treated samples resulted in an increase in a* values, while reductions were observed in WI* values in both directions, as well as in ho, L*, b*, and C* values. After heat treatment, the triangle E* value for Scots pine wood was calculated as 33.63. For both heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples, varnish application resulted in negative triangle L* values and positive triangle a* values. Additionally, triangle b* and triangle C* values were positive in the non-heat-treated and varnished samples, while they were negative in the heat-treated and varnished samples. The protective picture varnish used in the study significantly altered the color of both thermally treated and untreated wood.
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    Effects of Formaldehyde Scavenger on Mechanical, Physical, and Emission Test Results in Multi-Layer Pressed Chipboard Production
    (Inst Technol Drewna, 2025) Camlibel, Osman; Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit; Ulay, Goksel
    This study investigates the effects of different formaldehyde scavenger (FS) ratios on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of fiberboard composites. Experimental analyses included measurements of thickness, density, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal (WA), and formaldehyde emission (FE) levels. The results indicate that an increase in the FS ratio leads to a significant decline in mechanical properties. Specifically, MOR, MOE, and IB values decreased by 17.97%, 15.65%, and 16.33%, respectively. Changes in TS and WA were also observed, with TS increasing by up to 22.68% and WA decreasing by as much as 16.90%. In terms of formaldehyde emissions, a significant reduction was observed as the FS ratio increased. At a 15% FS ratio, formaldehyde emissions decreased by 43.24%, which is considered a positive outcome in terms of environmental and health impacts. Overall, the use of FS in specific ratios reduces FE while causing certain reductions in mechanical properties. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing FS usage for the production of low-FE fiberboards.
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    Testing of Bleaching Application on Kingwood (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke) Wood
    (Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry, 2025) Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit
    In this study, surface changes (whiteness index: WI*, color parameters, and glossiness properties) occurring after bleaching with oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) + sodium hydroxide (NaOH) chemicals in kingwood (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke) wood, used for high-quality applications such as quality turning, marquetry, furniture, inlay work, musical instruments, and decorative items, were investigated. The Delta E* values were determined as 5.46 for the single component and 8.69 for the double component. Decreases in L* and ho parameters were obtained by the action of the C2H2O4 chemical, while increases were observed in the a*, C*, and b* parameters. Additionally, the use ofH2O2 + NaOH chemicals in the bleaching process resulted in increases in L*, b*, C*, and ho values, with a decrease noted in the a*parameter. Observations revealed reductions in glossiness values at 60 and 85 degrees when employing two distinct bleaching agents in both orientations. It can be said that the bleaching agents used in the study exert varying effects as modifiers on the surface of wooden materials.
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    The Effect of Weathering on Color and Glossiness Properties of Polyurethane-Modified Water-Based Varnish Layers Applied to Thermally Treated Ash Wood
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2025) Ulay, Goksel; Akter, Mete; Cakicier, Nevzat; Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit; Atilgan, Abdi; Ciftci, Seymen
    The effects of artificial weathering (168, 336, and 504 h) on the glossiness values and color parameters of varnished, polyurethane-modified ash wood were investigated. Samples included control samples without treatment and thermally treated samples under two different conditions (190 degrees C for 1.5 h and 212 degrees C for 2 h), all coated with a polyurethane-modified water-based varnish. In non-thermally treated and varnished samples, decreases in L* values were observed after weathering, while increases were noted in h(o), C*, b*, and glossiness at 60 degrees in both perpendicular and parallel directions to the fibers. After weathering, for samples thermally treated at 190 degrees C for 1.5 h and varnished, increases were observed in glossiness values at 20 degrees and 60 degrees in both directions, as well as in L*, b*, and h(o) values. Conversely, decreases were noted in a* and C* values. In samples thermally treated at 212 degrees C for 2 h and varnished, increases in a*, L*, h(o), b*, and C* values were detected after weathering, whereas decreases were observed in glossiness at all angles (20 degrees and 60 degrees) in both directions. The triangle E* values showed a decreasing trend in non-thermally treated varnished samples after weathering, while an increase was observed in samples thermally treated at 212 degrees C for 2 h and varnished.