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    Gastrointestinal stability and bioactivity of propolis from diverse origins
    (Springer, 2026) Can, Zehra; Celebi, Zeynep Berin; Tunca, Erol; Kolayli, Sevgi; Sevin, Sedat; Tutun, Hidayet
    Propolis is a chemically complex bee product whose biological properties depend on its botanical and geographical origin. However, little is known about how gastrointestinal digestion affects its phenolic profile and bioactivity. In this study, twelve propolis samples from eight countries were evaluated for phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ABTS+center dot), and urease inhibition before and after simulated gastric digestion. RP-HPLC-PDA identified 26 phenolic compounds showing substantial compositional diversity. Turkish Bolu propolis retained the highest post-gastric FRAP value, while several samples (BBP, AFP) maintained or enhanced urease inhibition. PCA and HCA highlighted origin-dependent differentiation, identifying digestive stability as a key variable for functional potential.