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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12403/1304

Listeleniyor 1 - 20 / 1864

THE PLACE AND IMPORTANCE OF FOLK DANCES IN TURKISH FOLKLORE
(Centro Univ La Salle-Rj, 2024) Yildirim, Oguz; Inalkac, Oktay; Yildirim, Yavuz; Kiratli, Tuncay; Kara, Ahmet
The subject of the research was determined as the place and importance of folk dances in Turkish folklore. The aim of the research is to reveal the place and importance of folk dances and music, which are among the phenomena in Turkish folklore, in Turkish folklore. The method of the research is a descriptive study and the current situation was tried to be revealed by examining the scientific sources obtained through the scanning method. The importance of the research is considered important in terms of revealing the place and importance of folk dances and music, which are an important element of Turkish culture and civilization, in folklore. Folklore and culture are related to each other due to their similar nature. It constitutes traditional products (customs, traditions, language, religion, oral and written and architectural art, sports, literature, etc.) belonging to the national and spiritual elements of a society with a cultural history in a certain period. Folklore, on the other hand, is a science that researches, examines and compiles the cultural products produced in the past by delving into unknown historical depths to which society and which period they belong. Folk dances are also a culture-art phenomenon within folklore. Folk dances, which are among the Turkish folkloric elements, carry the cultural phenomena that the Turkish nation has revealed throughout its five thousand years of life, from its emergence on the stage of history to the present day. Turks have existed in many different geographies in the world and as a result, Turkish folklore has revealed the products of a very rich cultural accumulation. Among these products, folk dances have an important place. Folk dances are distributed in different types according to regions in Turkey. This distribution has brought great diversity to folk dances and contributed to Turkish folklore. As a result, folk dances, as an intangible cultural heritage, contribute to Turkish folklore by showing their presence in Turkey's geography with different types and diversity qualities, especially the rich accumulation that the Turks have acquired from the time period when they appeared on the stage of history until today. In this direction, the research tried to reveal the place and importance of folk dances in Turkish folklore, taking into account the contributions of our folk dances in Turkish folklore.
Effects of core and dynamic balance training on motor characteristics in Turkish basketball league players
(Univ Murcia, 2025) Kiratli, Tuncay; Yildirim, Yavuz; Sahin, Cihad; Saritemur, Busra
This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of core and dynamic balance training on reaction speed and agility in A-team basketball players. A total of 29 male basketball players participated in the study, with athletes divided into two groups: experimental (n=14) and control (n=15). The experimental group received core and dynamic balance training three days a week in addition to technical and tactical basketball training for 8 weeks, while the control group received only technical and tactical training for the same duration. Body fat percentage (measured with Tanita BC 418-ma), the lane agility drill, and reactive shuttle run tests were conducted before and after the training as performance measurements. When analyzing the pre-test and post-test results regarding the effects of core and dynamic balance training on the motoric characteristics of players in the Turkish Basketball League, no significant difference was found in the Reactive Shuttle Run test for the experimental group (p<0.05). However, significant differences were observed in both the experimental and control groups for the other tests (p>0.05). The findings indicated that core and dynamic balance exercises, when added to basketball training, did not show an additional effect on the athletes in the experimental group, unlike the control group. However, no difference was found in the results of the Reactive Shuttle Run test between the two groups.
Beyond the Third Way- Reconstructing Class Consciousness through Marxist Educational Theory
(Inst Education Policy Studies, 2025) Aksakalli, Ayhan
This article explores how Third Way policies have weakened class consciousness in education and how a Marxist model of education offers a powerful alternative to this weakening. By blending neoliberal approaches with social democracy, the Third Way promotes individualistic and market-oriented reforms in education, which have been found to deepen class inequalities and weaken class consciousness. These policies make the education system an instrument of capitalist ideology and hinder the achievement of social justice. The article argues that the Marxist model of education has the potential to reverse this weakening and rebuild class consciousness in education. This model is built on collective consciousness, the importance of critical pedagogy and the need for democratization in education. Education should be transformed from a system that prioritizes individual achievement into a tool for social justice. The research analyzes in detail the destructive effects of neoliberal education policies on class structures and demonstrates that Marxist education offers an effective solution to these inequalities. As a result, it is emphasized that the education system should be restructured as a tool to strengthen class consciousness and ensure social transformation.
THE ROLE OF TECHNO-ETHICAL CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR AND METACOGNITIVE EXPERIENCES OVER TIME IN STUDENTS' ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADDICTIONS
(Anadolu Univ, 2025) Durmus, Ibrahim
The study aims to identify the factors that may influence university students' artificial intelligence addiction in educational activities. The study sample consists of 415 students currently studying at Bayburt University. The snowball sampling method was used in the research. In the study, an electronic survey was conducted with university students. The research surveys were distributed to students attending face-to-face education at various departments of Bayburt University by academic staff (or educators). Students participated in the study voluntarily. In the research application, statistical analysis programs such as SPSS, SPSS Process Macro, and AMOS were utilized. The study was designed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The analyses revealed relational outcomes of the research variables, along with the demographic information of the students. In the analyses, results for both direct effect hypotheses and moderator effect hypotheses were also presented. The study explores the relationships between negative classroom behavior from a technoethical perspective, positive and negative metacognitive experiences related to the passage of time, and artificial intelligence addiction. The results of the study indicate that negative classroom behavior from a techno-ethical perspective increases students' artificial intelligence addiction. The students' negative techno-ethical classroom behavior reduced their positive metacognitive experiences related to the passage of time. At the same time, increased their negative metacognitive experiences related to the passage of time. Students' positive and negative metacognitive experiences associated with time also increased their artificial intelligence addiction. It was observed that many students dedicated more than two hours, or between two and one hour, to artificial intelligence and its applications in their daily activities. In the relationship between negative techno-ethical classroom behavior and artificial intelligence addiction, the daily usage time of artificial intelligence played a moderating role. The daily usage time of artificial intelligence strengthened the relationship between negative techno-ethical classroom behavior and artificial intelligence addiction. There was also a moderating effect of positive metacognitive experiences related to the passage of time in the relationship between negative techno-ethical classroom behavior and artificial intelligence addiction. The student's educational status and gender were found to have moderating effects on the relationship between negative techno-ethical classroom behavior and artificial intelligence addiction.
The Effect of Weathering on Color and Glossiness Properties of Polyurethane-Modified Water-Based Varnish Layers Applied to Thermally Treated Ash Wood
(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2025) Ulay, Goksel; Akter, Mete; Cakicier, Nevzat; Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit; Atilgan, Abdi; Ciftci, Seymen
The effects of artificial weathering (168, 336, and 504 h) on the glossiness values and color parameters of varnished, polyurethane-modified ash wood were investigated. Samples included control samples without treatment and thermally treated samples under two different conditions (190 degrees C for 1.5 h and 212 degrees C for 2 h), all coated with a polyurethane-modified water-based varnish. In non-thermally treated and varnished samples, decreases in L* values were observed after weathering, while increases were noted in h(o), C*, b*, and glossiness at 60 degrees in both perpendicular and parallel directions to the fibers. After weathering, for samples thermally treated at 190 degrees C for 1.5 h and varnished, increases were observed in glossiness values at 20 degrees and 60 degrees in both directions, as well as in L*, b*, and h(o) values. Conversely, decreases were noted in a* and C* values. In samples thermally treated at 212 degrees C for 2 h and varnished, increases in a*, L*, h(o), b*, and C* values were detected after weathering, whereas decreases were observed in glossiness at all angles (20 degrees and 60 degrees) in both directions. The triangle E* values showed a decreasing trend in non-thermally treated varnished samples after weathering, while an increase was observed in samples thermally treated at 212 degrees C for 2 h and varnished.
FROM BYTES TO JOBS: DECODING BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA'S EMPLOYMENT PUZZLE THROUGH FDI AND ICT
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Univ, Fac Social & Polit Sci, 2024) Ari, Yilmaz Onur; Izgi, Fatma
Bosnia and Herzegovina's transition from socialism to capitalism has led to fundamental changes in the country's economic structure, with unemployment, FDI, economic growth, and information technologies becoming critical factors in this process. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can promote economic growth and generate employment, helping to tackle unemployment through various channels. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been facing long-term unemployment for years. Thus, this study uses an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach and structural break technique to explore the impact of FDI, ICT, and growth on unemployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 1997-2022. The research findings indicate that FDI has a negative impact on unemployment in the long run. On the other hand, ICT has a positive impact on unemployment in the long run. Moreover, empirical findings demonstrated that there is a negative and significant relationship between growth and unemployment in the long run. This implies the validity of Okun's Law for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, the study brings forth a crucial insight that the impacts of FDI on unemployment are not uniform and differ significantly based on the type of FDI inflows.
Can Bilingual Books Promote Self-Paced Foreign Language Learning: A Qualitative Study
(Nobel Academic Publishing, 2023) Dolgunsoz, Emrah
Books that include multiple languages have been published in various languages since the 1980s in the United States, mainly for the Latino population to promote language learning and literacy (Ernst-Slavit and Mulhern, 2023) and recently have started to become popular. Bilingual texts may benefit language learners since embedded translations may help increase grammatical awareness, provide L1 preview, support L1 positive transfer and even promote L1 identity. Considering some advantages of bilingual books, this qualitative study examined if bilingual texts can be a good and cheap option for self-paced language study. 6 EFL learners without Spanish knowledge were asked to study 2 bilingual books (Spanish-Turkish) for 10 weeks. Their progress was tracked through their personal reflections periodically. A semi-structured interview was employed at the end of a 10-week period to scrutinize their recommendations and opinions. The results showed some pros of these texts, such as cost, ease of use and direct translation of sentences. These materials, however, were not without cons. The participants emphasized a lack of quality and visuals, inefficiency when not complemented with a language course, complexity of grammar and verb inflections despite translations and lack of motivation due to daily routines. The participants also reported that adopting an intense study strategy, such as writing and taking notes on grammar and vocabulary, may be very time-consuming and tedious. In conclusion, bilingual books for self-paced study were found to have a number of challenging issues and it was best to use them as supplementary material to any language course.
The Neuronal Determinism of Freedom in Education: Conditioned Cognition, Perceived Subjectivity and the Neuroscientific Paradox
(Inst Education Policy Studies, 2025) Aksakalli, Ayhan
The paradox of education as both a space of cognitive freedom and a conditioning mechanism raises fundamental questions about intellectual autonomy. By examining the tension between neurological determinism and cognitive agency, this paper asks whether education encourages independent thought or directs individuals towards predefined ideological structures. Drawing on philosophical, psychological and neuroscientific perspectives, it explores how knowledge production, pedagogical frameworks and social conditioning shape cognition. While neuroplasticity suggests cognitive adaptability, institutionalized education often channels intellectual inquiry into rigid epistemological categories. Psychological theories emphasize how reinforcement mechanisms and implicit biases shape learning and reinforce norms rather than foster genuine intellectual emancipation. Consequently, this study argues that education needs to be restructured from being merely a means of ideological reproduction. A transformative model of education should center on critical inquiry, self-reflection and metacognitive adaptability. The hope is that education will cease to be a conditioning tool by encouraging independent thinking and become a space where individuals can critically explore and transform their cognitive worlds.
Short-Term Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Neurogenesis and Wnt Signaling in Amniotic Fluid Cells
(Necmettin Erbakan Univ, Fac Medicine-Neu Press, 2025) Uzun, Cosar; Karakas, Umit; Ay, Mustafa Ertan; Ay, Ozlem Izci; Yildiri, Didem Derici; Erdal, Nurten; Erdal, Mehmet Emin
Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) at 50 Hz are prevalent in household electrical systems. Although various studies have examined the effects of ELF-EMF on cell proliferation and gene expression, its impact on amniotic fluid cells (AFCs) remains unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the potential effects of ELF-EMFs on gene expression related to neurogenesis and the Wnt signaling pathway in AFCs. Methods: AFCs were isolated from amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis and divided into five groups: control, sham, and three groups exposed to different ELF-EMF intensities (1 mT, 2 mT, 3 mT for 30 minutes/day for 7 days). Expression levels of genes involved in neurogenesis (HES1, Neurog1, Neurog2, Neurod1) and Wnt signaling (SFRP2, SFRP4, SFRP5, APC1) were analyzed using real-time PCR. Results: ELF-EMF exposure did not result in significant changes in gene expression among the experimental groups compared to controls. Conclusion: Short-term exposure (Acute exposure) to ELF-EMF at moderate intensities does not significantly impact gene expression related to neurogenesis or Wnt signaling in AFCs. Future studies should explore prolonged exposure (chronic exposure) and a broader range of intensities to evaluate developmental impacts more comprehensively.
GENERALIZED n-POLYNOMIAL P- FUNCTIONS WITH SOME RELATED INEQUALITIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
(Editura Bibliotheca-Bibliotheca Publ House, 2024) Ozcan, Serap; Kadakal, Mahir; Iscan, Imdat; Kadakal, Huriye
In this paper, we introduce the notion of generalized n-polynomial Pfunction. We explore some algebraic properties of this function class. Additionally, we establish a new trapezium type inequality for this generalized class of functions and derive several refinements of the trapezium type inequality for functions whose first derivative in absolute value at a certain power is generalized n-polynomial P-function. Finally, we conclude our paper by exploring some applications of the results we have obtained in the context of special means. Our novel findings generalize previously known results in the literature.
Impact of Linear vs. Change-of-Direction HIIT on Aerobic Power
(Annals Applied Sport Science, 2025) Morina, Besnik; Visic, Grgur; Antonic, Davorin; Babic, Matej; Sporis, Goran; Vlahovic, Tomislav; Akman, Onur
Background. Coaches predominantly utilize linear training protocols to enhance the aerobic power of football players. However, there is limited data on the effects of change of direction (COD) protocols on aerobic power in football. Objectives. This study aimed to determine which high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program- linear (LHIIT) or change of direction (COD)-has a more significant impact on increasing aerobic power in senior female football players. Methods. Sixty senior female football players were divided into two experimental groups: LHIIT (n=30) and COD (n=30). Both groups underwent a four-week HIIT protocol, with LHIIT involving linear and COD incorporating change-of-direction exercises. Aerobic power was measured using the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT), maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), and VO2max at the beginning and end of the study to assess the differences in aerobic adaptations between the two programs. Results. The results indicated that the COD group eliminated the significant difference in VO2max that initially existed between the two groups, suggesting that COD protocols may be more effective in increasing aerobic power than linear ones. Additionally, both groups significantly improved the 30-15 IFT, MAV, and VO2max. Conclusion. Both linear and change-of-direction HIIT protocols significantly enhance aerobic performance in senior female football players. However, COD protocols may have a more significant impact on VO2max improvement. Future research should explore the potential effects of COD protocols on anaerobic power and seek to identify even more effective HIIT strategies for enhancing VO2max.
The Revelation of Linear and Change of Direction HIIT Training Effects on the Anaerobic Power of Female Football Players
(Annals Applied Sport Science, 2025) Morina, Besnik; Visic, Grgur; Antonic, Davorin; Babic, Matej; Sporis, Goran; Franjko, Ivica; Krasniqi, Rrezon
Background. Anaerobic and aerobic power are critical factors influencing peak football performance. This study aimed to explore the differential effects of various high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on these performance metrics in senior female football players. Objectives. The primary objective was to investigate the impact of linear (L) HIIT and change-of-direction (COD) HIIT protocols on key velocity at anaerobic threshold (V-AT), distance traveled in the anaerobic zone (d(AT)), and VO(2)max. Methods. Sixty senior female football players were divided into LHIIT (n=30) and COD (n=30). Both groups underwent initial testing before participating in their respective training programs for four weeks. Performance metrics were measured at the beginning and end of the training period. Results. Both groups significantly improved all measured variables (p<0.001). However, the COD group demonstrated relatively more significant enhancements in Vmax (COD=0.93; LHIIT=0.8), VAT (COD=0.94; LHIIT=0.87), and VO(2)max (COD=0.92; LHIIT=0.74). The COD group also reduced the initial difference in VO(2)max to a non-significant level. Conclusion. COD HIIT protocols appear to be slightly more effective in enhancing anaerobic power in female football players than linear HIIT protocols. Nevertheless, both HIIT programs significantly improved performance metrics, indicating that incorporating such training regimens can benefit female football training programs.
SOME NEW INEQUALITIES FOR DIFFERENTIABLE ARITHMETIC-HARMONICALLY CONVEX FUNCTIONS
(Univ Kragujevac, Fac Science, 2025) Kadakal, Mahir; Agarwal, Praveen; Iscan, Imdat
In this study, by using an integral identity together with both the H & ouml;lder and the power-mean inequalities for integrals we establish several new inequalities for differentiable arithmetic-harmonically-convex function. Also, we give some applications for special means.
Academic Freedom Across Liberal Arts Colleges in Europe
(Ali Khorsandi Taskoh, 2025) Elgin, Ceyhun
This paper develops a novel index to assess academic freedom within liberal arts colleges (LACs) in Europe, addressing a critical gap in current higher education assessments. Existing university rankings largely overlook academic freedom, an essential element for fostering intellectual inquiry and democratic values. Using a mixed-methods approach-combining legal analysis, surveys, events data, media reviews, and social media analysis-the study constructs a comprehensive tool that captures both overt and subtle forms of academic repression. Findings reveal significant disparities in academic freedom among European LACs, influenced by governance structures, institutional policies, and external pressures such as political interference. The index not only highlights these differences but also offers a framework for policy development and institutional reform. By emphasizing academic freedom as a foundational pillar of higher education, this research calls for stronger institutional commitments and policy frameworks to safeguard it. The index can serve as a model for broader applications beyond the European context, informing global debates on academic autonomy.
Effects of Formaldehyde Scavenger on Mechanical, Physical, and Emission Test Results in Multi-Layer Pressed Chipboard Production
(Inst Technol Drewna, 2025) Camlibel, Osman; Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit; Ulay, Goksel
This study investigates the effects of different formaldehyde scavenger (FS) ratios on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of fiberboard composites. Experimental analyses included measurements of thickness, density, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal (WA), and formaldehyde emission (FE) levels. The results indicate that an increase in the FS ratio leads to a significant decline in mechanical properties. Specifically, MOR, MOE, and IB values decreased by 17.97%, 15.65%, and 16.33%, respectively. Changes in TS and WA were also observed, with TS increasing by up to 22.68% and WA decreasing by as much as 16.90%. In terms of formaldehyde emissions, a significant reduction was observed as the FS ratio increased. At a 15% FS ratio, formaldehyde emissions decreased by 43.24%, which is considered a positive outcome in terms of environmental and health impacts. Overall, the use of FS in specific ratios reduces FE while causing certain reductions in mechanical properties. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing FS usage for the production of low-FE fiberboards.
The Effects of Artificial Intelligence Supported Flipped Classroom Applications on Learning Experience, Perception, and Artificial Intelligence Literacy in Higher Education
(Int Council Open & Distance Education, 2025) Yavuz, Mehmet; Balat, Sener; Kayali, Bunyami
Rapid changes in the field of technology have greatly affected learning and teaching styles as in every field. Artificial intelligence (AI), which is increasingly used in the field of education for different purposes such as improving learning outcomes or solving teaching problems, is one of the important technologies that contribute to this change. It is thought that there is a need for applications based on AI technology that can meet these needs in terms of sustainability of learning, especially in ODE environments where individual learning and instant feedback are important. Accordingly, the study aims to determine the impact of AI-supported flipped classroom applications on students' AI literacy and to evaluate their experiences and perceptions towards these applications. Explanatory sequential mixed design was used as the method in the study. In this context, in the quantitative phase of the study, a one-group pretest-posttest design from the weak experimental design was used to determine students' perceptions of flipped learning and AI literacy levels. In the qualitative phase of the study, a case study was used to determine students' views on learning experiences. The sample comprised 33 university students enrolled in a Web Design and Coding associate degree program. Data were collected through a flipped learning perception scale, an AI literacy scale, and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative findings revealed a statistically significant improvement in students' AI literacy levels from pre-test to post-test. Qualitative analyses indicated that AI-supported flipped classroom practices positively influenced students' motivation, interest in the course, and personalized learning experiences. Furthermore, the model fostered collaboration by promoting interactive learning environments and enhanced critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, students also reported challenges related to managing their time effectively within this instructional model. The study concludes that AI-supported flipped classroom applications hold promise for improving AI literacy and fostering active, student-centered learning in higher education. Nevertheless, challenges such as time management warrant further attention. It is recommended that future research explore the implementation of this model across diverse courses and educational contexts, investigate strategies to mitigate time management issues, and conduct comparative studies between AI-supported and traditional flipped classroom models to further elucidate the sources of observed positive perceptions.
Some New Integral Inequalities for Exponential Type P-functions
(Univ Craiova, 2024) Kadakal, Mahir; Iscan, Imdat; Kadakal, Huriye
In this paper, by using an identity we obtain some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for functions whose first derivative in absolute value is exponential type P- function by using Holder and power-mean integral inequalities. Then, the authors compare the results obtained with both Holder, Holder-I-center dot,scan integral inequalities and prove that the Holder-I-center dot,scan integral inequality gives a better approximation than the Holder integral inequality. Also, some applications to special means of real numbers are also given.
Bibliometric Analysis of Sport Entrepreneurship Literature: The Case of Web of Science
(Ataturk Univ, 2024) Esmer, Yusuf; Dertli, Sukran
Sport entrepreneurship is the sport dimension of entrepreneurship and research on the concept has increased in recent years. The aim of this research is to provide a general perspective on sports entrepreneurship, to draw attention to the importance of the subject and to generate ideas for further research. For this purpose, bibliometric analysis technique was used in the research. In this context, 494 publications on sport entrepreneurship in the WoS database were examined under 7 headings (advanced search, cited references, co-author analysis, common word analysis, citation analysis, bibliometric matching analysis, co-citation analysis). These titles were analyzed in a total of 32 parameters and analyzed bibliometrically with Sankey diagram, VOSviewer, MapChart and Wordclouds programs. When the researches on sports entrepreneurship were examined, it was determined that the most publications were made in 2020 and the most citations were made in 2021, and the title, keyword, abstract, research area and WoS categories specified in the publications were related to each other. In this context, it has been seen that the basis of the structure in the relevant literature is sports, entrepreneurship, management, business and innovation. Although bibliometric studies have been conducted in the field of entrepreneurship in national literature, bibliometric analysis of sports entrepreneurship has not been carried out in a comprehensive manner, the number of studies in the international literature is low, and the use of more parameters and more data in this research than the studies conducted in the international literature reveals the importance and originality of the research.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS CHARACTERIZATION FOR Di-DARBOUX SLANT HELICES
(Editura Bibliotheca-Bibliotheca Publ House, 2025) Alkan, Akin; Kocayigit, Huseyin; Aydin, Tuba Agirman
In this article, the differential equation characterizations for D-i-Darboux slant helices given with the help of three new orthogonal frames are introduced for the curves lying on a surface. These moving frames, obtained based on the Darboux frame, are called Osculating Darboux Frame, Normal Darboux Frame, and Rectifying Darboux Frame, respectively.
Testing of Bleaching Application on Kingwood (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke) Wood
(Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry, 2025) Peker, Huseyin; Ayata, Umit
In this study, surface changes (whiteness index: WI*, color parameters, and glossiness properties) occurring after bleaching with oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) + sodium hydroxide (NaOH) chemicals in kingwood (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke) wood, used for high-quality applications such as quality turning, marquetry, furniture, inlay work, musical instruments, and decorative items, were investigated. The Delta E* values were determined as 5.46 for the single component and 8.69 for the double component. Decreases in L* and ho parameters were obtained by the action of the C2H2O4 chemical, while increases were observed in the a*, C*, and b* parameters. Additionally, the use ofH2O2 + NaOH chemicals in the bleaching process resulted in increases in L*, b*, C*, and ho values, with a decrease noted in the a*parameter. Observations revealed reductions in glossiness values at 60 and 85 degrees when employing two distinct bleaching agents in both orientations. It can be said that the bleaching agents used in the study exert varying effects as modifiers on the surface of wooden materials.

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