Modal testing and full-scale seismic evaluation of a historical minaret according to 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake and TBEC 2018 design spectrum

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dc.authorid0000-0001-5632-693X
dc.authorid0000-0002-9397-7931
dc.authorid0000-0002-8361-8695
dc.authorid0000-0002-5487-5254
dc.contributor.authorDemirtas, Betul
dc.contributor.authorYanik, Yusuf
dc.contributor.authorAymelek, Abdullah
dc.contributor.authorTurker, Temel
dc.contributor.authorYildirim, Omer
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-28T12:17:58Z
dc.date.available2026-02-28T12:17:58Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBayburt Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractPurposeMinarets, which were constructed from different types of materials, are slender and tall structures. Minarets could vary in terms of the construction technique, geometry and material. The seismic vulnerability and dynamic behavior of minarets could be different because of these reasons. Full-scale evaluation of minarets includes both experimental and numerical investigations. Experimental methods provide knowledge on the in situ conditions. The structural analysis and performance evaluation can be performed by using numerical methods. In this paper, full-scale structural evaluation of the Trabzon Fatih Mosque Minaret was presented by using experimental and numerical methods.Design/methodology/approachFirstly, the finite element (FE) model of the minaret was generated by ANSYS software. Then, experimental measurements were carried out under environmental vibrations with newly developed vibration system. Afterwards, the initial FE model of the minaret was updated by using manual updating method according to the experimental measurement results. For the seismic performance assessment of the historical minaret, the time history and response spectrum analyses were performed on the initial and updated FE models using the acceleration records of 2023 February Kahramanmaras earthquake and TBEC 2018 codes. The results were evaluated comparatively, revealing that the nonlinear analyses produced higher values compared to other methods. Additionally, variations were observed in the updated FE model results compared to the initial FE model. Finally, it was seen that the minaret did not have sufficient strength against Kahramanmaras earthquake load, so it could collapse under such an earthquake.FindingsBy employing model updating method, the average absolute difference was substantially reduced from 9.12% to 2.11%. The maximum displacements increased with the effect of model updating in all analyses. It was also seen that the spectrum analyses results had lower values than the time-history analyses results and the displacement of the updated FE model was found to be approximately 8% greater than that of the initial FE model in the nonlinear analyses. The maximum/minimum principal stresses decreased in the updated model in the linear analyses. Also, it was determined that the equivalent stresses were higher in linear analyses. It was seen that the cracks occurring in the nonlinear analyses were concentrated more intensely at the bottom region, the transition segment and around the balcony of the minaret. The concentration of damage in these regions suggested that special attention was needed to increase structural durability. The drift ratios were calculated as 0.0056 and 0.0076 for the initial and updated FE models in the linear analyses, respectively. The initial FE model remained the CD limit, but the updated model reached the limit in CP. The drift ratios were calculated as 0.0087 and 0.0093 for the initial and updated FE models in the nonlinear analyses. Both the FE models reached the CP limit. It could be concluded that the minaret did not have sufficient strength against Kahramanmaras Earthquake, so it could collapse under such an earthquake. The drift ratios were calculated as 0.0041 and 0.0043 for the initial and updated FE models in the spectrum analyses. Both the FE models remained within the CD limit.Originality/valueThis paper aimed to evaluate effects of FE model updating on the dynamic and seismic behaviors of the historical Fatih Mosque Minaret in Trabzon. Structural behavior of the minaret was investigated using both experimental and numerical methods. For this purpose, 3-D FE model generated with ANSYS software of the minaret was updated according to the ambient vibration test results. Ambient vibration tests were conducted by measurement system, which was developed by our research team. The manual model updating method was utilized to minimize the differences between numerical and experimental results by varying the material properties. The linear-nonlinear time history analyses and response spectrum analyses were carried out to evaluate the seismic performance of the initial and updated FE models using the acceleration records of 2023 February Kahramanmaras Earthquake records and TBEC 2018 codes.
dc.description.sponsorshipOffice of Scientific Research Projects of Karadeniz Technical University [FDK-2023-10915]; Trabzon Regional Directorate, Directorate General of Foundations
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by Office of Scientific Research Projects of Karadeniz Technical University. Project number: FDK-2023-10915. The authors also thank the Trabzon Regional Directorate, Directorate General of Foundations, for great contributions to structure information of the minaret.
dc.identifier.doi10.1108/EC-12-2024-1062
dc.identifier.endpage1640
dc.identifier.issn0264-4401
dc.identifier.issn1758-7077
dc.identifier.issue4
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105003445053
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.startpage1616
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1108/EC-12-2024-1062
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12403/6056
dc.identifier.volume42
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001475866900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherEmerald Group Publishing Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofEngineering Computations
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260218
dc.subjectEarthquake analyses
dc.subjectDynamic characteristics
dc.subjectFE model updating
dc.subjectHistorical minaret
dc.subjectVibration measurement system development
dc.titleModal testing and full-scale seismic evaluation of a historical minaret according to 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake and TBEC 2018 design spectrum
dc.typeArticle

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