Investigation of the Effects of Low-Temperature Thermal Treatment Applied to Graphite in Spent Lithium-Ion Anode Recycling

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dc.contributor.authorKara, Adem
dc.contributor.authorTemur, Hakan
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-28T12:17:44Z
dc.date.available2026-02-28T12:17:44Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBayburt Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractAs the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) increases rapidly, recovery of graphite, the main component of the anode, from spent batteries has become important from environmental and economic perspectives. In this study, an acid leaching step followed by thermal treatment under partial atmosphere at a relatively low calcination temperature was investigated to recover graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. The molecular and chemical structures of the recovered graphite in all spent anode samples were investigated using FTIR, ICP-MS, XRD, SEM-EDX and TEM-EDX. It was observed that organic impurities and volatile components were largely removed after acid leaching and thermal treatment at 750 degrees C. In addition, it was observed that graphite layers were rearranged and the distance between the layers decreased under the effect of thermal treatment. Partial atmosphere calcination at 750 degrees C can be considered as a feasible method for graphite recovery, offering energy efficiency and scalability. However, in an efficient calcination, it is necessary to maintain controlled oxygen levels to prevent excessive graphite loss and to perform preliminary acid leaching to reduce metal impurities. In order to best recycle graphite in waste lithium-ion anode recovery, a balance must be achieved between temperature, energy efficiency and material recovery. Considering this balance, a calcination temperature of 750 degrees C appears to be preferable for recycling.
dc.description.sponsorshipBayburt University Research Fund [104]; Bayburt University
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by the Bayburt University Research Fund [grant numbers 104, 2021]. The authors thank Bayburt University for financing the project.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s12649-025-03329-6
dc.identifier.issn1877-2641
dc.identifier.issn1877-265X
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105017758384
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03329-6
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12403/5957
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001585020200001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.relation.ispartofWaste And Biomass Valorization
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260218
dc.subjectLithium-ion anode
dc.subjectRecycling
dc.subjectGraphite
dc.subjectThermal treatment
dc.subjectAcid leaching
dc.titleInvestigation of the Effects of Low-Temperature Thermal Treatment Applied to Graphite in Spent Lithium-Ion Anode Recycling
dc.typeArticle

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