Quantification of Honey Adulteration Using a Planar Microstrip Metamaterial-Motivated Sensor and Software-Defined Radio

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dc.authorid0000-0003-2214-8092
dc.authorid0000-0003-2899-4679
dc.authorid0000-0002-6098-7762
dc.authorid0000-0002-4929-3209
dc.authorid0000-0002-9403-0029
dc.authorid0000-0002-3518-1943
dc.contributor.authorCem Hasar, Ugur
dc.contributor.authorHasar, Hafize
dc.contributor.authorKaya, Yunus
dc.contributor.authorOzturk, Hamdullah
dc.contributor.authorKorkmaz, Huseyin
dc.contributor.authorKosunalp, Selahattin
dc.contributor.authorMustafa Ramahi, Omar
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-28T12:17:59Z
dc.date.available2026-02-28T12:17:59Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBayburt Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis work presents the application of a planar microstrip metamaterial (MM)-motivated sensor in the form of a split-ring resonator (SRR) for the detection and quantification of water adulteration in honey samples. The proposed sensor utilizes inexpensive software-defined radio (SDR) measurements, offering a cost-effective solution. Unlike previous MM sensors employing SRR configuration, our proposed MM-motivated sensor is integrated with a microstrip feedline and an additional vertical bar, enhancing its sensing capability. To enable accurate measurements, a simple calibration procedure based on baseline normalization is implemented, allowing for amplitude-only transmission measurements (|S-21|) using the SDR. A special sample holder was designed to increase the repeatability of measurements. We separately employ two postprocessing techniques, namely, the rolling average (RA) approach and the Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter, to effectively eliminate ripples in the measured |S-21| data obtained from the SDR. For validation and evaluation of the proposed sensor and postprocessing techniques, measurements of flower honey samples with water adulteration levels (delta ) up to 10% (mass-to-mass basis) were also performed using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The resonance frequency of |S21| is utilized as the basis for analysis. We establish a metric function (linear function) that correlates the shift in resonance frequency with delta. It is observed that this function fits to measured resonance frequency values with an R(2 )value greater than 0.96 for both postprocessing techniques with or without the sample holder. By inverting this function, we can predict delta with considerable accuracy for a given resonance frequency by using another linear function. It is observed that percentage variations between predicted and measured delta values are between 1.54% and 6.46% for testing samples with delta = 5% and delta = 7%.
dc.description.sponsorshipEuropean Union [BGRRP-2.013-0001]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported in part by European Union-Next Generation EU through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria under Project BGRRP-2.013-0001.
dc.identifier.doi10.1109/JSEN.2025.3567577
dc.identifier.endpage24136
dc.identifier.issn1530-437X
dc.identifier.issn1558-1748
dc.identifier.issue13
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105005185593
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage24122
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3567577
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12403/6065
dc.identifier.volume25
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001522931900028
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherIeee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc
dc.relation.ispartofIeee Sensors Journal
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260218
dc.subjectSensor phenomena and characterization
dc.subjectMicrostrip
dc.subjectTransmission line measurements
dc.subjectResonance
dc.subjectMicrowave measurement
dc.subjectResonant frequency
dc.subjectMicrowave sensors
dc.subjectMicrowave circuits
dc.subjectFrequency measurement
dc.subjectTopology
dc.subjectAdulteration
dc.subjecthoney
dc.subjectmetamaterials (MMs)
dc.subjectmicrowaves
dc.subjectplanar structures
dc.subjectrolling average (RA)
dc.subjectSavitzky-Golay (SG) filter
dc.subjectsensors
dc.subjectwater
dc.titleQuantification of Honey Adulteration Using a Planar Microstrip Metamaterial-Motivated Sensor and Software-Defined Radio
dc.typeArticle

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